FN 303: a humane weapon from FN Herstal (part of 1)
In the previous article about the non-lethal UTPBS system, you got acquainted with a product developed on the basis of paintball technologies. Potential operators of this system could be the police and the US Army, who needed weapons to neutralize, and not defeat the enemy. The product was supposed to be used as an addition to the individual weapons of a soldier or police officer (humane weapon). And use one or another of them based on the situation.
Judging by the name, the system was designed to be mounted under the barrel of an AR / M16 rifle, instead of a grenade launcher. But then the idea arose of using UTPBS as a separately portable weapon, and a folding butt with a pistol grip was developed for the trigger.
The UTPBS system was tested at a US military base (Fort Benning), but for reasons unknown to me, the military rejected it, and it was not accepted for service. I can assume that the product turned out quite heavy, cumbersome and unnecessarily complex. This device, fixed under the barrel of a rifle - probably seriously disrupted the alignment of the weapon and in addition could catch on something at the most inopportune moment.
Product XM-303
Shortly after the UTPBS project was closed, the same development team received an offer from Monterey to continue working in the same direction. “Humane” 0,68 caliber shells designed for UTPBS were to be used as ammunition. Let me remind you that they were made of polystyrene, for their stabilization in flight a plumage was provided, bismuth granules were used as the main filler. I assume that the main technical requirements for humane weapons remained the same. Unless, on the basis of the test results of the UTPBS system, the requirements for maximum weight and dimensions were added to the new weapon. It is possible that the operators had wishes and relatively simple design. Whatever it was - the agreement was given, and, based on their experience, the experts began to develop a more compact product of a simplified design. As a result, the customer was offered a product XM-303 *.
* XM - Experimental Model (experimental model).
This is the only photo of the product, and the description and TTX could not be found. By the way, this photo was taken in the same American pawnshop in which the UTPBS system was put up for sale. Judging from the image, the XM-303 is also mounted from the bottom to the rifle or carbine barrel. To do this, the product has two attachment points to the main weapon. The semicircular part at the back of the product rests against the receiver box of the rifle and is fixed with the help of the regular retaining ring of the weapon, and the bracket at the front of the product allows the product to be fastened to the rifle barrel. The fastening system strongly resembles the one used on the M203 type grenade launchers.
For installation as a grenade launcher, and for the XM-303 requires an incomplete disassembly of the rifle, namely the dismantling of at least the lower half of the barrel lining. In both cases, the installation of the product requires a particular tool, which in combat conditions is a drawback of these systems. By the way, Soviet-style grenade launchers are deprived of this drawback, since no tool is required for their installation.
The XM-303 barrel partially covers the forearm, which simulates the lower half of the barrel pad of the M16 rifle A2. For better grip, large vertical incisions are applied to its surface. Most likely, the forearm for the XM-303 is made of polyamide, from which in those years the butts and barrel linings for the M16 rifles were made.
The developers managed to reduce the overall weight and dimensions of the new product. This was made possible through the use of a smaller cylinder and a different type of ammunition system. By comparing gas cylinders, it can be determined that the volume of the cylinder on the XM-303 is significantly less than that of UTPBS. I assume that the XM-303 is set to a cubic inch 13 balloon. The product won in weight, but the number of projectiles that can be shot at one filling depends on the volume of the cylinder.
The XM-303 projectiles are fed from a drum-type magazine. This ammunition system is much easier to manufacture than a revolver type system on UTPBS. The use of a drum shop has reduced not only the weight and dimensions of the weapon, but also the capacity of the magazine. I believe that the capacity of the XM-303 drum is 15 shells. Thanks to the drum, the new product got its recognizable features. And if UTPBS outwardly resembled the Gatling multi-barreled machine gun, the XM-303 resembles PCA or PC Thompson.
Before the trigger, on the safety bracket we see some kind of curved detail. I am inclined to think that this is a fuse box. Apparently it is turned off with the movement of a finger "from itself", as for example, at the M203 grenade launcher.
Thanks to the use of feathered projectiles, there is no urgent need to use a rifled barrel. Therefore, I believe that the XM-303 is likely a smooth-bore weapon, like the previous model. As for the length of the barrel - it is about twice as long as the gas cylinder. If I correctly identified the cylinder model (13 / 3000), then its length is equal to 11 inches (25 cm), and accordingly the barrel length is about 20 inches (50,8 cm). Given that the M16 A2 rifle barrel length without a muzzle nozzle just 20 inches - it may well be. The XM-303 barrel would have protruded a bit out from under the M16, but the trunk of the previous UTPBS model also protruded from under the rifle barrel.
The barrel of the XM-303 is equipped with a muzzle nozzle, which is very similar in shape to those mounted on the barrels of the AR15 / M16 family. But in paintball guns recoil force is negligible, so they muzzle brake compensator without the need. Just as a flame arrester is not needed, because it is not a firearm, a muzzle flame cannot be in principle. The only possible option is to disperse gases when fired in order to eliminate the formation of a dust cloud. But this model of the nozzle is not the most successful, since there are models with openings for the removal of gases to the top or to the side. And finally, what kind of disguise are we talking about when it comes to weapons for dispersing demonstrators? Most likely, this upgrade served a purely decorative function or inherited from the donor.
How much was produced XM-303 - unknown. Also as unknown cases of its use. Most likely, an experimental batch of several units was produced and it did not go further, because this development had lost its relevance or the concept of non-lethal weapons was revised.
Product FN 303
Do not think, in no way do I put myself on the same level with the great English writer and do not equate myself with a brilliant detective. Just this work - like Holmes, “my first business”, my first material on military subjects, which I prepared. So far, this material has not been published anywhere, but has been provided for review to only a few competent officers of the security agencies of the Republic of Moldova. And I got the idea to start searching for non-lethal weapons the political situation in the country. Namely, the so-called “Cobblestone Revolution”, which occurred in Moldova in the spring of 2009.
Let me remind you that the unrest began after the parliamentary elections, and as a result - the protesters staged a storm and then a pogrom in the buildings of the Moldovan Parliament and the Presidency. Some media outlets dubbed these events the “Twitter Revolution,” and Vladimir Pekhtin from United Russia stated that the Lilac Revolution had occurred in Moldova. The President of Moldova, Vladimir Voronin, declared “RIA News”That the security forces left the buildings of the Parliament and the Presidency to the protesters deliberately, because there were many young people and even children among the rioters. Indeed, looking at the footage of the newsreel - it seems that the students of all the universities of Chisinau, and at the same time the students of all the Chisinau schools, came out to protest. There were many adults too. But in my opinion, adult participants behaved more prudently. Looking ahead, I’ll add that the protesters were much more organized than the authorities. I am not the only one who thinks that during the April events there were a lot of stupid and contradictory orders from the command.
By the way, this is the second case of mass riots, which occurred in Moldova over the past two decades. Exactly in 20 years before the storming of Parliament, namely 10 in November 1989 (Soviet militia day), the Popular Front activists stormed the building of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Moldavian SSR. At that time, the future President Vladimir Voronin was the Minister of the Interior of Moldova. That is, Mr. Voronin’s stay in power twice coincided with resonant riots. The journalists made an analogy and called the events that took place on 7 on April 2009 on April “a remake of November 10 on 1989”.
And if in the 89 year, about 170 units of the special equipment “Bird cherry” were used, then in the 2009, there are literally several units. Almost the only grenade with tear substance was thrown from one of the upper floors of Parliament. But what is a 1 grenade against a whole crowd? And that was applied after the majority of the attackers had already spread to the building of the Presidency.
Another means of dispersing the attackers was water. Water tried to calm the crowd, pouring it from the hoses. There were only a few fire hoses: one at a time in the halls of the Presidency and the Parliament, perhaps there were also side entrances. Agree, not the most impressive arsenal.
Only the Emergency Hospital delivered more than 220 victims: both civilians and policemen. The then Prosecutor General Valeriu Gurbulya stated that during the “Cobblestone Revolution” more than 300 policemen were injured. Many of them were hospitalized with injuries to the face and head.
I want to note: the fact that these guys carried out in uniform for 2 day of rampant democracy and lawlessness - made me look at them with sympathy. A few photos will not convey the feeling of shame from the forced impotence that they experienced during the protests ...
An order was given: do not use firearms. But they had no alternative. They were forced to hold positions and hide behind shields from a squall of paving slabs with which thugs thrashed from impunity threw them. Sorry, fighters for democracy. And occasionally, when the distance allowed - to use batons. And that's all.
I decided to help them by choosing and proposing some kind of effective means to combat the riots. After studying the global market for non-lethal weapons for some time, I chose the FN 303 product. After contacting the manufacturer, I received a commercial offer from him, which, along with the necessary explanations and descriptions, was presented to potential operators. In addition to the product and components, the manufacturer aggressively offered a course of study: storage, maintenance, application.
Interest in FN 303 was genuine, because it was offered literally a month after the events described. Unfortunately, in the Moldovan treasury there was no money to purchase these products. By the way, earlier the Yushchenko government did not allocate money for their purchase. Therefore, neither the security forces of Ukraine nor Moldova received the FN 303 device.
Moldova first had to carve out from the budget funds for the overhaul and refurbishment of the buildings of Parliament and the Presidency. They were completely crushed and plundered during the protests. There were no funds for the renovation of the Presidency until 2018. That is, for 9 years, one of the symbols of the state stood crushed and useless. As a result, the building of the Presidency was restored with the money allocated by the Turkish government.
The information on FN 303 lay for about 8 years without any benefit, until I accidentally discovered it and decided to write an article about it. I collected for a while historical facts on this weapon and tried to identify all the participants involved in its development and all previous prototypes. You are already familiar with UTPBS and XM-303. It is time to familiarize yourself with FN 303.
Some Russian-language sources claim that the FN 303 product is designed for peacekeeping operations in Kosovo and Somalia, but I have not found a single confirmation in the foreign media. The official FNH website states that at the beginning of 90's, the company participated in the development of non-lethal weapons and as a result, the FN 2003 device was launched on 303 in the year.
Based on the official data, I want to argue. During the Kosovo war, NATO forces intervened in 1999, and in the same year, UN forces took control of the region. By that time, FN 303 had been in development for several years. With regard to the civil war in Somalia - the UN forces were in those parts from December 1992 to March 1995 (Operation Revival of Hope ”). By the same time. But hardly anyone from the UN Security Council guessed using non-lethal weapons to protect humanitarian convoys from local robbers armed with firearms. And if you take into account the development time of the first prototypes (UTPBS and XM-303) - you can safely forget about Kosovo and Somalia.
FN 303 is a semi-automatic pneumatic weapon manufactured by FN Herstal. In the original, this product is referred to as “less-lethal” or “non-lethal launcher”, which loosely sounds like “Launcher of non-lethal or non-lethal action”. Compressed air is used to operate the product, and a polystyrene projectile (ball) is used as a munition, which, when hit the target, collapses and virtually eliminates the risk of penetrating wounds. The FN 303 product is based on paintball technology. It is widely used developments experimental model XM-303.
FN 303 consists of two main nodes: the lower stock assembly and the upper stock assembly. The upper bed, in turn, consists of a launcher, a magazine and a gas cylinder. A lower box consists of a butt, which is made integral with the pistol grip and contains a rail guide system for fastening the upper bed (trigger).
Like previous non-lethal systems (UTPBS and XM-303), an FN 303 device with a butt disconnected can be mounted under an assault rifle barrel instead of a grenade launcher *. That is, the designers have provided some modularity. Most of the FN 303 parts are made from already conventional polymer materials (reinforced nylon). Due to the wide use of polymers, it was possible to reduce the cost of production, and the weapons were light and resistant to corrosion.
* Requires FN M16 (or M4) brackets. Under Mount Bracket.
Operating principle
The principle of operation of FN 303 is based on the use of the energy of compressed gas from an insulated storage device (capacity). That is, FN 303 refers to a gas balloon airgun. Compressed air is used as a working gas in this system. When fired, the gas expands, acts on the projectile and gives it kinetic energy. From the gas cylinder gas is supplied through the regulator through a flexible hose (mamba) to the shut-off valve and creates pressure there. The valve is a working chamber in which the amount of gas required for the shot is accumulated. Gas from the valve acts on the end surface of the valve. Until the trigger is pressed - the bolt is held by the sear in the combat platoon and the gas remains in the valve. That is, shooting is carried out with an open shutter.
When the trigger is not fully pressed (1 / 3 of the hook stroke length), the plunger shuts off the gas supply from the cylinder to the valve. When pressed further (2 / 3 of the hook stroke), the sear releases the bolt. Under the influence of gas, the shutter moves forward and compresses the bolt spring. When moving forward, the bolt sends a projectile into the barrel. The bolt continues to move forward and enters the bore like a piston in a cylinder. Occurs obturation (sealing) of the barrel. After sealing, the gas enters the barrel through the feed tube (passes through the gate), acts on the projectile and it leaves the barrel. After the shot, the return spring retracts the bolt to its original position. This is a semi-automatic weapon, and for the next shot to be fired, you must repeatedly pull the trigger.
The automatics scheme on the FN 303 is almost identical to that used on Automag markers from Airgun Designs. And it is not surprising, because between the development of UTPBS and FN 303 for security officials - the company developed the Automag marker for the civilian market. In 1990, the Automag marker made a splash at the World Paintball Championship, and this factor greatly influenced the further development of this industry. The system from Airgun Designs turned out so successful that many competitors began to develop markers with an eye on the Automag automation scheme. I can mention the companies DYE Precision (Matrix marker line), Smart Parts (Ion series), ICD (Freestyle series) and others.
Naturally, the automation will work properly, provided that all parts of the system are manufactured with minimum tolerances and carefully fitted. It is also necessary to ensure that the sealing rings (O-rings) do not lose their qualities. Particular attention should be paid to the lubrication of the product. FN 303 is recommended to lubricate before each use. The manufacturer warns that it recommends the use of only certain types of oils. The use of CLP series gear oil, LSA Weapons Oil and others is unacceptable, as they may damage the product. Excessive lubrication can also lead to malfunctioning automation. For lubrication FN 303 do not necessarily disassemble the weapon. The manufacturer recommends lubricating the weapon using an air supply hose to the system (mamba).
Trunk
The barrel of the FN 303 is smooth, without rifling. Made of fixed, attached to the receiver and made of aluminum. The manufacturer claims that the barrels for the FN 303 are made on the same factory and on the same equipment as the rifle / machine gun barrels for arming the US Army.
Ammunition
The FN 303 uses the same non-lethal projectiles that were developed by Perfect Circle for previous models: UTPBS and XM-303.
The line of ammunition was extended by type of action. Thus, the container inside the cylinder of the projectile could be filled with water, paint or irritants of tear or irritant action.
The author found in various sources the following types of non-lethal projectiles (Less Lethal Projectiles):
1. Clear Impact - Without filler. Training / Traumatic, distracting action.
2. Washable Paint - Coloring, with washable filler. Non-toxic propylene glycol paint. After complete drying, rinse or scrub with a brush.
3. Indelible Paint - Coloring, indelible. latex polymer paint. After complete drying it becomes indelible.
4. PAVA / OC Powder - Irritant, with hot pepper extract. Causes cough and intense burning sensation in the nose, pain and tearing in contact with eyes.
5. Inert Powder - Inert, educational.
6. CS / CN - Irritant complex action / tear.
7. Illumination - Illuminating.
8. Kinetic / Training - Kinetic (solid) training.
9. Malodorant - Fetid, with a repulsive odor (such as Stink Bomb).
10. Training / Marking - Coloring, training.
At the time of publication on the manufacturer’s website (FNH), only the first 5 types of ammunition were offered to operators. In some sources they are called “Barricade Projectiles”.
The shells for the FN 303 were specifically designed to reduce the risk of penetrating wounds. The main impact of the projectiles is the injury that can stop and neutralize the aggressor. The secondary impact of the shells, depending on the task, is an irritating effect (shock-charge charge), or a coloring effect (shock-marking charge). In most cases, a single shot is enough to neutralize the suspect, which makes the FN 303 effective and at the same time a non-lethal weapon for fighting riots.
The effective firing range of 50 meters on the growth target, and the maximum to 100 meters: on the areas. Ammunition weight 8,5 gr. leave the barrel at a speed of 85 - 91 m / s.
On the chart, FNH specialists provided a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of ammunition for various types of non-lethal weapons. From top to bottom: a paintball marker, a shotgun with ammunition of the Bean bag type (bag with a grape bag), with a plastic bullet, an FN 303 product.
The FN 303 test results were impressive, but I already knew how traumatic pistols were working. After all, rubber shooters are effective only in the warm season, when the “target” is dressed in thin, tight-fitting clothes. And I was interested in the effect of the FN 303 projectile, caught in a person dressed in a down jacket or a pea jacket. With this question, I turned to Alexander Milyukov, Regional Director of the International Confederation of Practical Shooting (Kiev, Ukraine). Previously, he participated in the testing of the FN 303 product for law enforcement agencies of Ukraine.
Mr. Milyukov said that this product was not tested in public. Later I managed to find a record of the show “Guinea Pig” on the Discovery Channel. In it, stuntman Ryan Stock (Ryan Stock) does different things that are dangerous to health and even life. In one of the programs, Ryan Stock experienced the effects of the FN 303.
Shop
The FN 303 uses a drum type magazine on 15 shells. It is made almost entirely of plastic. I believe that the basis is taken shop, designed for XM-303. Its rear part (cover) is made transparent, which allows the shooter to control at a glance the amount of ammunition remaining and their type.
To speed up the withdrawal process, the use of a speed loader is provided (purchased separately).
High pressure hose (mamba)
Unlike a paintball mamba, the FN 303 air supply hose is made of metal braid. It is designed specifically for FN303. On its terminations, quick-disconnect couplings are provided, which provide simple installation, which does not require tightening, tightening or application of tools (Tool-free). Mamba is easy to connect to FN303: planted to the click - and you're done. It can also be quickly detached to lubricate the weapon or replace it: pulled to the click - and you're done.
Gas Cylinders (Air reservoir)
FNH USA orders them on the side, from the American company Catalina Cylinders, which specializes in the production of high and low pressure gas cylinders. Catalina was founded in 1965, and since then has managed to build a solid reputation for itself and win a leading position in the market. Among the company's products are metal and composite cylinders for various purposes: for diving (SCUBA) and medical oxygen, for fire extinguishers and the automotive industry, for compressed natural gas and for drinks, and also for paintball.
High pressure cylinders for 303 series paintball have been selected for the FN 9000 product. I believe that we are talking about the 9009 model, the volume of 22 ci (0,4 liters) with the maximum air pressure 3000 psi (pounds per square inch). The cylinders are made of high-strength aluminum alloy brand 6061-T6. The diameter of the cylinder is 51 mm, the length of 289 mm, and its weight is equal to 450 grams. Cylinders for FN 303 are produced by the Catalina subsidiary on the east coast of the United States, which is located in Hampton, Virginia.
A pressure gauge, pressure regulator, filling valve (fill nipple) and exhaust valve (air reservoir nipple) are attached to the neck of the cylinder.
In the early models cylinders were a different configuration. They contained an air valve (1 / 4-turn air valve), but were deprived of a pressure gauge.
The air valve shut off the air supply to the system. For this it was necessary to turn the “butterfly” on the 1 / 4 turnover. In the “ON” position, air from the cylinder is supplied to the mambo and then to the system. In field conditions, gas cylinders are fueled from receivers.
Receiver (Air Bank)
This is a larger cylinder that is used as a storage device for storing and transporting compressed air. To solve these problems, FNH offers 2 drive types: Deluxe Fill Tank and Air Bank. Deluxe Fill Tank is an aluminum cylinder that, like 2 water drops, is similar to an 12-liter diving tank. The balloon is covered with plastic mesh in order to soften the force of random shocks. For easy carrying, Deluxe Fill Tank is equipped with a handle. Also, to protect it from impacts, Fill Tank is equipped with a shoe (plastic cup), which is put on the lower part of the cylinder. A Yoke type stop valve is attached to the neck of the cylinder.
Maximum pressure in the cylinder: 3,000 PSI (204 atmosphere), the volume of air allows you to make up to 5,500 shots. The cylinder refuels from the compressor. I do not have exact information about the manufacturer of these cylinders, but I believe that the supplier is Catalina. As you remember, Catalina Cylinders supplies cylinders for FN 303 starters. In addition, the company manufactures diving cylinders.
Air Bank is a pair of two cylinders mounted for easy carrying in a trolley case. Air Bank is equipped with regulators and display panel. The maximum pressure in the cylinders: 4,325 PSI (294 atmosphere), the amount of air allows up to 7,000 shots. Like the previous model - Air Bank refuels from the compressor.
As a manufacturer of cylinders (flasks) for Air Bank, I again suggest the American company Catalina. And with regard to instruments and equipment, the FN Herstal website indicates that this system was developed in collaboration with the French company Beuchat.
The founder of the company is Georges Beuchat, a diver, inventor and businessman. Moreover: Monsieur Bouchet (emphasis on “a”) is considered one of the pioneers of scuba diving. Georges Busch founded his company at the age of 24 and did not stop developing and producing equipment for scuba divers until his death. Many of his developments went down in history as the “first in the world” or “revolutionary”. Among them are the first Tarzan speargun in the world (1947), the first surface buoy (1948), the first underwater camera (1950), the first isothermal wetsuit (1953), the revolutionary JetFin flippers with transverse slit (1964). By the way, the Tarzan crossbow was quite well known to spearfighters from the USSR, but under the name P-1. The P-1 crossbow was produced by Soviet industry in the 60-70 years and cost 11 rubles 80 kopecks. It is not known whether the P-1 was produced under license, or simply copied and slightly upgraded.
Equipment from Buch's company - Mercedes or Adidas in the world of divers. Many athletes won their victories using Beuchat equipment: for example, Vladimir Dokuchaev (8-multiple champion of the Russian Federation in underwater hunting). Even Captain Cousteau and his team from Calypso have been using this or that equipment from Buch’s company for several decades for diving.
Компрессоры
FNH offers them as an option. Most likely, the manufacturer - the German company Bauer Kompressoren. I think a portable Bauer Junior II breathing air compressor was chosen. FNH offers its operators all manufactured by the manufacturer of compressor modifications: with gasoline, diesel and electric engines. All Junior II versions have the same capacity: 100 liters / minute.
Alexander Milyukov (Ukraine) reported that the FN 303 product test cylinders were refilled at the diving club. But if you have friends in the fire department or the rescue service - you can there. In other words, wherever the breathing apparatus is filled.
This is not the entire list of products that the manufacturer offers in addition to the FN 303, but they are all third-party developments, and if desired, they can be purchased separately. For example, collimator sight C-More, unloading vest or tactical weapon cover. Therefore, I will finish the first part with technical specifications. The second part deals with the use of FN 303, the real victims, as well as the tuning of this product.
TTH FN 303
The author thanks for the help:
Bongo (Sergey Linnik)
Professors (Oleg Sokolov)
Alexandra Milyukova
To be continued ...
Judging by the name, the system was designed to be mounted under the barrel of an AR / M16 rifle, instead of a grenade launcher. But then the idea arose of using UTPBS as a separately portable weapon, and a folding butt with a pistol grip was developed for the trigger.
Underbar is a non-lethal UTPBS action. Pay attention to the product, which can be seen above.
The UTPBS system was tested at a US military base (Fort Benning), but for reasons unknown to me, the military rejected it, and it was not accepted for service. I can assume that the product turned out quite heavy, cumbersome and unnecessarily complex. This device, fixed under the barrel of a rifle - probably seriously disrupted the alignment of the weapon and in addition could catch on something at the most inopportune moment.
Product XM-303
Shortly after the UTPBS project was closed, the same development team received an offer from Monterey to continue working in the same direction. “Humane” 0,68 caliber shells designed for UTPBS were to be used as ammunition. Let me remind you that they were made of polystyrene, for their stabilization in flight a plumage was provided, bismuth granules were used as the main filler. I assume that the main technical requirements for humane weapons remained the same. Unless, on the basis of the test results of the UTPBS system, the requirements for maximum weight and dimensions were added to the new weapon. It is possible that the operators had wishes and relatively simple design. Whatever it was - the agreement was given, and, based on their experience, the experts began to develop a more compact product of a simplified design. As a result, the customer was offered a product XM-303 *.
* XM - Experimental Model (experimental model).
Product XM-303 with serial number 1. On the case - marking of the main participants of the project (Airgun Designs and Monterey Bay). Below is a part of the UTPBS system
This is the only photo of the product, and the description and TTX could not be found. By the way, this photo was taken in the same American pawnshop in which the UTPBS system was put up for sale. Judging from the image, the XM-303 is also mounted from the bottom to the rifle or carbine barrel. To do this, the product has two attachment points to the main weapon. The semicircular part at the back of the product rests against the receiver box of the rifle and is fixed with the help of the regular retaining ring of the weapon, and the bracket at the front of the product allows the product to be fastened to the rifle barrel. The fastening system strongly resembles the one used on the M203 type grenade launchers.
Mounting scheme M203 grenade launcher to the rifle barrel
For installation as a grenade launcher, and for the XM-303 requires an incomplete disassembly of the rifle, namely the dismantling of at least the lower half of the barrel lining. In both cases, the installation of the product requires a particular tool, which in combat conditions is a drawback of these systems. By the way, Soviet-style grenade launchers are deprived of this drawback, since no tool is required for their installation.
The XM-303 barrel partially covers the forearm, which simulates the lower half of the barrel pad of the M16 rifle A2. For better grip, large vertical incisions are applied to its surface. Most likely, the forearm for the XM-303 is made of polyamide, from which in those years the butts and barrel linings for the M16 rifles were made.
The developers managed to reduce the overall weight and dimensions of the new product. This was made possible through the use of a smaller cylinder and a different type of ammunition system. By comparing gas cylinders, it can be determined that the volume of the cylinder on the XM-303 is significantly less than that of UTPBS. I assume that the XM-303 is set to a cubic inch 13 balloon. The product won in weight, but the number of projectiles that can be shot at one filling depends on the volume of the cylinder.
The XM-303 projectiles are fed from a drum-type magazine. This ammunition system is much easier to manufacture than a revolver type system on UTPBS. The use of a drum shop has reduced not only the weight and dimensions of the weapon, but also the capacity of the magazine. I believe that the capacity of the XM-303 drum is 15 shells. Thanks to the drum, the new product got its recognizable features. And if UTPBS outwardly resembled the Gatling multi-barreled machine gun, the XM-303 resembles PCA or PC Thompson.
Before the trigger, on the safety bracket we see some kind of curved detail. I am inclined to think that this is a fuse box. Apparently it is turned off with the movement of a finger "from itself", as for example, at the M203 grenade launcher.
The scheme of the fuse M203 grenade launcher
Thanks to the use of feathered projectiles, there is no urgent need to use a rifled barrel. Therefore, I believe that the XM-303 is likely a smooth-bore weapon, like the previous model. As for the length of the barrel - it is about twice as long as the gas cylinder. If I correctly identified the cylinder model (13 / 3000), then its length is equal to 11 inches (25 cm), and accordingly the barrel length is about 20 inches (50,8 cm). Given that the M16 A2 rifle barrel length without a muzzle nozzle just 20 inches - it may well be. The XM-303 barrel would have protruded a bit out from under the M16, but the trunk of the previous UTPBS model also protruded from under the rifle barrel.
The barrel of the XM-303 is equipped with a muzzle nozzle, which is very similar in shape to those mounted on the barrels of the AR15 / M16 family. But in paintball guns recoil force is negligible, so they muzzle brake compensator without the need. Just as a flame arrester is not needed, because it is not a firearm, a muzzle flame cannot be in principle. The only possible option is to disperse gases when fired in order to eliminate the formation of a dust cloud. But this model of the nozzle is not the most successful, since there are models with openings for the removal of gases to the top or to the side. And finally, what kind of disguise are we talking about when it comes to weapons for dispersing demonstrators? Most likely, this upgrade served a purely decorative function or inherited from the donor.
How much was produced XM-303 - unknown. Also as unknown cases of its use. Most likely, an experimental batch of several units was produced and it did not go further, because this development had lost its relevance or the concept of non-lethal weapons was revised.
Product FN 303
Prologue
“But why do you claim that I need to familiarize myself with this case?”
“Because this is my first business.”
Arthur Conan Doyle, the story "Gloria Scott"
“But why do you claim that I need to familiarize myself with this case?”
“Because this is my first business.”
Arthur Conan Doyle, the story "Gloria Scott"
Do not think, in no way do I put myself on the same level with the great English writer and do not equate myself with a brilliant detective. Just this work - like Holmes, “my first business”, my first material on military subjects, which I prepared. So far, this material has not been published anywhere, but has been provided for review to only a few competent officers of the security agencies of the Republic of Moldova. And I got the idea to start searching for non-lethal weapons the political situation in the country. Namely, the so-called “Cobblestone Revolution”, which occurred in Moldova in the spring of 2009.
Let me remind you that the unrest began after the parliamentary elections, and as a result - the protesters staged a storm and then a pogrom in the buildings of the Moldovan Parliament and the Presidency. Some media outlets dubbed these events the “Twitter Revolution,” and Vladimir Pekhtin from United Russia stated that the Lilac Revolution had occurred in Moldova. The President of Moldova, Vladimir Voronin, declared “RIA News”That the security forces left the buildings of the Parliament and the Presidency to the protesters deliberately, because there were many young people and even children among the rioters. Indeed, looking at the footage of the newsreel - it seems that the students of all the universities of Chisinau, and at the same time the students of all the Chisinau schools, came out to protest. There were many adults too. But in my opinion, adult participants behaved more prudently. Looking ahead, I’ll add that the protesters were much more organized than the authorities. I am not the only one who thinks that during the April events there were a lot of stupid and contradictory orders from the command.
Moldovan policemen are forced to retreat, hiding behind shields. Pay attention to the age of stone throwers and police equipment
Stefan cel Mare Avenue, between the Parliament and the Presidency (located opposite, they are divided by the avenue).
The police have only batons and shields to protect against stones.
The police have only batons and shields to protect against stones.
Law enforcers hold the presidency, lined up "turtle". Pay attention to the abundance of paving slabs thrown in their direction.
The building of the presidency after its delivery to the protesters
By the way, this is the second case of mass riots, which occurred in Moldova over the past two decades. Exactly in 20 years before the storming of Parliament, namely 10 in November 1989 (Soviet militia day), the Popular Front activists stormed the building of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Moldavian SSR. At that time, the future President Vladimir Voronin was the Minister of the Interior of Moldova. That is, Mr. Voronin’s stay in power twice coincided with resonant riots. The journalists made an analogy and called the events that took place on 7 on April 2009 on April “a remake of November 10 on 1989”.
And if in the 89 year, about 170 units of the special equipment “Bird cherry” were used, then in the 2009, there are literally several units. Almost the only grenade with tear substance was thrown from one of the upper floors of Parliament. But what is a 1 grenade against a whole crowd? And that was applied after the majority of the attackers had already spread to the building of the Presidency.
Manual gas grenade increased power “Bird cherry-12”. Apparently, since the time of the USSR
Another means of dispersing the attackers was water. Water tried to calm the crowd, pouring it from the hoses. There were only a few fire hoses: one at a time in the halls of the Presidency and the Parliament, perhaps there were also side entrances. Agree, not the most impressive arsenal.
Only the Emergency Hospital delivered more than 220 victims: both civilians and policemen. The then Prosecutor General Valeriu Gurbulya stated that during the “Cobblestone Revolution” more than 300 policemen were injured. Many of them were hospitalized with injuries to the face and head.
I want to note: the fact that these guys carried out in uniform for 2 day of rampant democracy and lawlessness - made me look at them with sympathy. A few photos will not convey the feeling of shame from the forced impotence that they experienced during the protests ...
An order was given: do not use firearms. But they had no alternative. They were forced to hold positions and hide behind shields from a squall of paving slabs with which thugs thrashed from impunity threw them. Sorry, fighters for democracy. And occasionally, when the distance allowed - to use batons. And that's all.
I decided to help them by choosing and proposing some kind of effective means to combat the riots. After studying the global market for non-lethal weapons for some time, I chose the FN 303 product. After contacting the manufacturer, I received a commercial offer from him, which, along with the necessary explanations and descriptions, was presented to potential operators. In addition to the product and components, the manufacturer aggressively offered a course of study: storage, maintenance, application.
Interest in FN 303 was genuine, because it was offered literally a month after the events described. Unfortunately, in the Moldovan treasury there was no money to purchase these products. By the way, earlier the Yushchenko government did not allocate money for their purchase. Therefore, neither the security forces of Ukraine nor Moldova received the FN 303 device.
Moldova first had to carve out from the budget funds for the overhaul and refurbishment of the buildings of Parliament and the Presidency. They were completely crushed and plundered during the protests. There were no funds for the renovation of the Presidency until 2018. That is, for 9 years, one of the symbols of the state stood crushed and useless. As a result, the building of the Presidency was restored with the money allocated by the Turkish government.
The information on FN 303 lay for about 8 years without any benefit, until I accidentally discovered it and decided to write an article about it. I collected for a while historical facts on this weapon and tried to identify all the participants involved in its development and all previous prototypes. You are already familiar with UTPBS and XM-303. It is time to familiarize yourself with FN 303.
Some Russian-language sources claim that the FN 303 product is designed for peacekeeping operations in Kosovo and Somalia, but I have not found a single confirmation in the foreign media. The official FNH website states that at the beginning of 90's, the company participated in the development of non-lethal weapons and as a result, the FN 2003 device was launched on 303 in the year.
Based on the official data, I want to argue. During the Kosovo war, NATO forces intervened in 1999, and in the same year, UN forces took control of the region. By that time, FN 303 had been in development for several years. With regard to the civil war in Somalia - the UN forces were in those parts from December 1992 to March 1995 (Operation Revival of Hope ”). By the same time. But hardly anyone from the UN Security Council guessed using non-lethal weapons to protect humanitarian convoys from local robbers armed with firearms. And if you take into account the development time of the first prototypes (UTPBS and XM-303) - you can safely forget about Kosovo and Somalia.
FN 303 is a semi-automatic pneumatic weapon manufactured by FN Herstal. In the original, this product is referred to as “less-lethal” or “non-lethal launcher”, which loosely sounds like “Launcher of non-lethal or non-lethal action”. Compressed air is used to operate the product, and a polystyrene projectile (ball) is used as a munition, which, when hit the target, collapses and virtually eliminates the risk of penetrating wounds. The FN 303 product is based on paintball technology. It is widely used developments experimental model XM-303.
FN 303 consists of two main nodes: the lower stock assembly and the upper stock assembly. The upper bed, in turn, consists of a launcher, a magazine and a gas cylinder. A lower box consists of a butt, which is made integral with the pistol grip and contains a rail guide system for fastening the upper bed (trigger).
Original packaging with the FN 303 disassembled
Like previous non-lethal systems (UTPBS and XM-303), an FN 303 device with a butt disconnected can be mounted under an assault rifle barrel instead of a grenade launcher *. That is, the designers have provided some modularity. Most of the FN 303 parts are made from already conventional polymer materials (reinforced nylon). Due to the wide use of polymers, it was possible to reduce the cost of production, and the weapons were light and resistant to corrosion.
* Requires FN M16 (or M4) brackets. Under Mount Bracket.
M16A2 assault rifle with an FN 303 product under the barrel.
FN F2000 assault rifle with an FN 303 product under the barrel.
Operating principle
The principle of operation of FN 303 is based on the use of the energy of compressed gas from an insulated storage device (capacity). That is, FN 303 refers to a gas balloon airgun. Compressed air is used as a working gas in this system. When fired, the gas expands, acts on the projectile and gives it kinetic energy. From the gas cylinder gas is supplied through the regulator through a flexible hose (mamba) to the shut-off valve and creates pressure there. The valve is a working chamber in which the amount of gas required for the shot is accumulated. Gas from the valve acts on the end surface of the valve. Until the trigger is pressed - the bolt is held by the sear in the combat platoon and the gas remains in the valve. That is, shooting is carried out with an open shutter.
The main parts of automatics FN 303. Shut-off valve (valve assembly) supply tube (power tube) shutter (bolt) return spring (bolt spring)
When the trigger is not fully pressed (1 / 3 of the hook stroke length), the plunger shuts off the gas supply from the cylinder to the valve. When pressed further (2 / 3 of the hook stroke), the sear releases the bolt. Under the influence of gas, the shutter moves forward and compresses the bolt spring. When moving forward, the bolt sends a projectile into the barrel. The bolt continues to move forward and enters the bore like a piston in a cylinder. Occurs obturation (sealing) of the barrel. After sealing, the gas enters the barrel through the feed tube (passes through the gate), acts on the projectile and it leaves the barrel. After the shot, the return spring retracts the bolt to its original position. This is a semi-automatic weapon, and for the next shot to be fired, you must repeatedly pull the trigger.
The automatics scheme on the FN 303 is almost identical to that used on Automag markers from Airgun Designs. And it is not surprising, because between the development of UTPBS and FN 303 for security officials - the company developed the Automag marker for the civilian market. In 1990, the Automag marker made a splash at the World Paintball Championship, and this factor greatly influenced the further development of this industry. The system from Airgun Designs turned out so successful that many competitors began to develop markers with an eye on the Automag automation scheme. I can mention the companies DYE Precision (Matrix marker line), Smart Parts (Ion series), ICD (Freestyle series) and others.
The scheme of work automatics marker Automag from Airgun Design.
Naturally, the automation will work properly, provided that all parts of the system are manufactured with minimum tolerances and carefully fitted. It is also necessary to ensure that the sealing rings (O-rings) do not lose their qualities. Particular attention should be paid to the lubrication of the product. FN 303 is recommended to lubricate before each use. The manufacturer warns that it recommends the use of only certain types of oils. The use of CLP series gear oil, LSA Weapons Oil and others is unacceptable, as they may damage the product. Excessive lubrication can also lead to malfunctioning automation. For lubrication FN 303 do not necessarily disassemble the weapon. The manufacturer recommends lubricating the weapon using an air supply hose to the system (mamba).
From the instructions for use FN 303: disconnect the gas hose from the cylinder, holding it in a vertical position, squeeze oil drops from the vial into the 3 hose. Connect the gas hose to the cylinder. Make a few idle shots
Bottle with oil for FN 303 from the basic configuration of the product
Trunk
The barrel of the FN 303 is smooth, without rifling. Made of fixed, attached to the receiver and made of aluminum. The manufacturer claims that the barrels for the FN 303 are made on the same factory and on the same equipment as the rifle / machine gun barrels for arming the US Army.
Fixed barrel FN 303. Pay attention to the abundance of polymers.
Ammunition
The FN 303 uses the same non-lethal projectiles that were developed by Perfect Circle for previous models: UTPBS and XM-303.
17,27 mm (0,68 inch) caliber ammunition for FN 303
The line of ammunition was extended by type of action. Thus, the container inside the cylinder of the projectile could be filled with water, paint or irritants of tear or irritant action.
The author found in various sources the following types of non-lethal projectiles (Less Lethal Projectiles):
1. Clear Impact - Without filler. Training / Traumatic, distracting action.
2. Washable Paint - Coloring, with washable filler. Non-toxic propylene glycol paint. After complete drying, rinse or scrub with a brush.
3. Indelible Paint - Coloring, indelible. latex polymer paint. After complete drying it becomes indelible.
4. PAVA / OC Powder - Irritant, with hot pepper extract. Causes cough and intense burning sensation in the nose, pain and tearing in contact with eyes.
5. Inert Powder - Inert, educational.
6. CS / CN - Irritant complex action / tear.
7. Illumination - Illuminating.
8. Kinetic / Training - Kinetic (solid) training.
9. Malodorant - Fetid, with a repulsive odor (such as Stink Bomb).
10. Training / Marking - Coloring, training.
At the time of publication on the manufacturer’s website (FNH), only the first 5 types of ammunition were offered to operators. In some sources they are called “Barricade Projectiles”.
The shells for the FN 303 were specifically designed to reduce the risk of penetrating wounds. The main impact of the projectiles is the injury that can stop and neutralize the aggressor. The secondary impact of the shells, depending on the task, is an irritating effect (shock-charge charge), or a coloring effect (shock-marking charge). In most cases, a single shot is enough to neutralize the suspect, which makes the FN 303 effective and at the same time a non-lethal weapon for fighting riots.
The effective firing range of 50 meters on the growth target, and the maximum to 100 meters: on the areas. Ammunition weight 8,5 gr. leave the barrel at a speed of 85 - 91 m / s.
The result of hitting ballistic gelatin shells fired from FN 303.
On the chart, FNH specialists provided a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of ammunition for various types of non-lethal weapons. From top to bottom: a paintball marker, a shotgun with ammunition of the Bean bag type (bag with a grape bag), with a plastic bullet, an FN 303 product.
The FN 303 test results were impressive, but I already knew how traumatic pistols were working. After all, rubber shooters are effective only in the warm season, when the “target” is dressed in thin, tight-fitting clothes. And I was interested in the effect of the FN 303 projectile, caught in a person dressed in a down jacket or a pea jacket. With this question, I turned to Alexander Milyukov, Regional Director of the International Confederation of Practical Shooting (Kiev, Ukraine). Previously, he participated in the testing of the FN 303 product for law enforcement agencies of Ukraine.
Demonstration of FN 303. Transfer “Arsenal”.
Mr. Milyukov said that this product was not tested in public. Later I managed to find a record of the show “Guinea Pig” on the Discovery Channel. In it, stuntman Ryan Stock (Ryan Stock) does different things that are dangerous to health and even life. In one of the programs, Ryan Stock experienced the effects of the FN 303.
Video, where the test stunt fired from the FN 303
Shop
The FN 303 uses a drum type magazine on 15 shells. It is made almost entirely of plastic. I believe that the basis is taken shop, designed for XM-303. Its rear part (cover) is made transparent, which allows the shooter to control at a glance the amount of ammunition remaining and their type.
To speed up the withdrawal process, the use of a speed loader is provided (purchased separately).
High pressure hose (mamba)
Unlike a paintball mamba, the FN 303 air supply hose is made of metal braid. It is designed specifically for FN303. On its terminations, quick-disconnect couplings are provided, which provide simple installation, which does not require tightening, tightening or application of tools (Tool-free). Mamba is easy to connect to FN303: planted to the click - and you're done. It can also be quickly detached to lubricate the weapon or replace it: pulled to the click - and you're done.
Gas Cylinders (Air reservoir)
FNH USA orders them on the side, from the American company Catalina Cylinders, which specializes in the production of high and low pressure gas cylinders. Catalina was founded in 1965, and since then has managed to build a solid reputation for itself and win a leading position in the market. Among the company's products are metal and composite cylinders for various purposes: for diving (SCUBA) and medical oxygen, for fire extinguishers and the automotive industry, for compressed natural gas and for drinks, and also for paintball.
Catalina Cylinders products
High pressure cylinders for 303 series paintball have been selected for the FN 9000 product. I believe that we are talking about the 9009 model, the volume of 22 ci (0,4 liters) with the maximum air pressure 3000 psi (pounds per square inch). The cylinders are made of high-strength aluminum alloy brand 6061-T6. The diameter of the cylinder is 51 mm, the length of 289 mm, and its weight is equal to 450 grams. Cylinders for FN 303 are produced by the Catalina subsidiary on the east coast of the United States, which is located in Hampton, Virginia.
A pressure gauge, pressure regulator, filling valve (fill nipple) and exhaust valve (air reservoir nipple) are attached to the neck of the cylinder.
Modern view of the cylinder for the FN 303
Pressure gauge close up. On 12 hours exhaust valve, on 3 hours refueling, on 9 - pressure regulator
In the early models cylinders were a different configuration. They contained an air valve (1 / 4-turn air valve), but were deprived of a pressure gauge.
The cylinder of the first series: with an air valve, but without a pressure gauge
The air valve shut off the air supply to the system. For this it was necessary to turn the “butterfly” on the 1 / 4 turnover. In the “ON” position, air from the cylinder is supplied to the mambo and then to the system. In field conditions, gas cylinders are fueled from receivers.
Receiver (Air Bank)
This is a larger cylinder that is used as a storage device for storing and transporting compressed air. To solve these problems, FNH offers 2 drive types: Deluxe Fill Tank and Air Bank. Deluxe Fill Tank is an aluminum cylinder that, like 2 water drops, is similar to an 12-liter diving tank. The balloon is covered with plastic mesh in order to soften the force of random shocks. For easy carrying, Deluxe Fill Tank is equipped with a handle. Also, to protect it from impacts, Fill Tank is equipped with a shoe (plastic cup), which is put on the lower part of the cylinder. A Yoke type stop valve is attached to the neck of the cylinder.
Filling station with hose, pressure gauge and valve type Yoke (Fill Station Adapter)
Drive for compressed gas FN Deluxe Fill Tank
Maximum pressure in the cylinder: 3,000 PSI (204 atmosphere), the volume of air allows you to make up to 5,500 shots. The cylinder refuels from the compressor. I do not have exact information about the manufacturer of these cylinders, but I believe that the supplier is Catalina. As you remember, Catalina Cylinders supplies cylinders for FN 303 starters. In addition, the company manufactures diving cylinders.
Air Bank is a pair of two cylinders mounted for easy carrying in a trolley case. Air Bank is equipped with regulators and display panel. The maximum pressure in the cylinders: 4,325 PSI (294 atmosphere), the amount of air allows up to 7,000 shots. Like the previous model - Air Bank refuels from the compressor.
Drive for compressed gas FN Air Bank
As a manufacturer of cylinders (flasks) for Air Bank, I again suggest the American company Catalina. And with regard to instruments and equipment, the FN Herstal website indicates that this system was developed in collaboration with the French company Beuchat.
The founder of the company is Georges Beuchat, a diver, inventor and businessman. Moreover: Monsieur Bouchet (emphasis on “a”) is considered one of the pioneers of scuba diving. Georges Busch founded his company at the age of 24 and did not stop developing and producing equipment for scuba divers until his death. Many of his developments went down in history as the “first in the world” or “revolutionary”. Among them are the first Tarzan speargun in the world (1947), the first surface buoy (1948), the first underwater camera (1950), the first isothermal wetsuit (1953), the revolutionary JetFin flippers with transverse slit (1964). By the way, the Tarzan crossbow was quite well known to spearfighters from the USSR, but under the name P-1. The P-1 crossbow was produced by Soviet industry in the 60-70 years and cost 11 rubles 80 kopecks. It is not known whether the P-1 was produced under license, or simply copied and slightly upgraded.
Equipment from Buch's company - Mercedes or Adidas in the world of divers. Many athletes won their victories using Beuchat equipment: for example, Vladimir Dokuchaev (8-multiple champion of the Russian Federation in underwater hunting). Even Captain Cousteau and his team from Calypso have been using this or that equipment from Buch’s company for several decades for diving.
Компрессоры
FNH offers them as an option. Most likely, the manufacturer - the German company Bauer Kompressoren. I think a portable Bauer Junior II breathing air compressor was chosen. FNH offers its operators all manufactured by the manufacturer of compressor modifications: with gasoline, diesel and electric engines. All Junior II versions have the same capacity: 100 liters / minute.
Alexander Milyukov (Ukraine) reported that the FN 303 product test cylinders were refilled at the diving club. But if you have friends in the fire department or the rescue service - you can there. In other words, wherever the breathing apparatus is filled.
Bauer Junior II-B compressor (petrol).
This is not the entire list of products that the manufacturer offers in addition to the FN 303, but they are all third-party developments, and if desired, they can be purchased separately. For example, collimator sight C-More, unloading vest or tactical weapon cover. Therefore, I will finish the first part with technical specifications. The second part deals with the use of FN 303, the real victims, as well as the tuning of this product.
TTH FN 303
The author thanks for the help:
Bongo (Sergey Linnik)
Professors (Oleg Sokolov)
Alexandra Milyukova
To be continued ...
Information