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ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• When we combine two elements...
what equilibrium state do we get?
• In particular, if we specify...
--a composition (e.g., wt%Cu - wt%Ni), and
--a temperature (T)
then...
How many phases do we get?
What is the composition of each phase?
How much of each phase do we get?
1
THE SOLUBILITY LIMIT
• Solubility Limit:
Max concentration for
which only a solution
occurs.
2
COMPONENTS AND PHASES
• Components:
The elements or compounds which are mixed initially
(e.g., Al and Cu)
• Phases:
The physically and chemically distinct material regions
that result (e.g., a and b).
Aluminum-
Copper
Alloy
Adapted from
Fig. 9.0,
Callister 3e.
3
EFFECT OF T & COMPOSITION (C O)
• Changing T can change # of phases: path A to B.
• Changing Co can change # of phases: path B to D.
• water-
sugar
system
Adapted from
Fig. 9.1,
Callister 6e.
4
PHASE DIAGRAMS
• Tell us about phases as function of T, Co, P.
• For this course:
--binary systems: just 2 components.
--independent variables: T and Co (P = 1atm is always used).
• Phase
Diagram
for Cu-Ni
system
5
PHASE DIAGRAMS: # AND TYPES OF PHASES
• Rule 1: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the # and types of phases present.
• Examples:
Cu-Ni
phase
diagram
6
PHASE DIAGRAMS: COMPOSITION OF PHASES
• Rule 2: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the composition of each phase.
Cu-Ni
system
• Examples:
7
PHASE DIAGRAMS: WEIGHT FRACTIONS OF PHASES
S 43 35
WL 73wt %
R S 43 32
R
Wa = 27wt%
R S
8
THE LEVER RULE: A PROOF
• Sum of weight fractions: WL Wa 1
• Conservation of mass (Ni): Co WL CL WaCa
• Combine above equations:
• A geometric interpretation:
moment equilibrium:
WLR WaS
1 Wa
solving gives Lever Rule
9
EX: COOLING IN A CU-NI BINARY
• Phase diagram:
Cu-Ni system. Cu-Ni
• System is: system
--binary
i.e., 2 components:
Cu and Ni.
--isomorphous
i.e., complete
solubility of one
component in
another; a phase
field extends from
0 to 100wt% Ni.
• Consider
Co = 35wt%Ni.
Adapted from Fig. 9.3,
Callister 6e.
10
CORED VS EQUILIBRIUM PHASES
• Ca changes as we solidify.
• Cu-Ni case: First a to solidify has Ca = 46wt%Ni.
Last a to solidify has Ca = 35wt%Ni.
• Fast rate of cooling: • Slow rate of cooling:
Cored structure Equilibrium structure
11
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES: CU-NI SYSTEM
• Effect of solid solution strengthening
on:
--Tensile strength (TS) --Ductility (%EL,%AR)
Adapted from Fig. 9.5(a), Callister 6e. Adapted from Fig. 9.5(b), Callister 6e.
12
BINARY-EUTECTIC SYSTEMS
has a special composition
2 components with a min. melting T.
Cu-Ag
system
• Co < 2wt%Sn
• Result:
--polycrystal of a grains.
16
MICROSTRUCTURES
IN EUTECTIC SYSTEMS-II
Pb-Sn
system
17
MICROSTRUCTURES
IN EUTECTIC SYSTEMS-III
• Co = CE
• Result: Eutectic microstructure
--alternating layers of a and b crystals.
Pb-Sn
system
Pb-Sn
system
(Adapted from Fig. 9.24, Callister 6e. Adapted from Fig. 9.21,Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.21
(Fig. 9.24 from Metals Handbook, 9th ed., adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed.,
Vol. 9, Metallography and Vol. 1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-in-Chief), ASM
Microstructures, American Society for International, Materials Park, OH, 1990.)
Metals, Materials Park, OH, 1985.)
21
HYPOEUTECTOID STEEL
Adapted from
Fig. 9.27,Callister
6e. (Fig. 9.27 courtesy Republic Steel Corporation.) 22
HYPEREUTECTOID STEEL
Adapted from
Fig. 9.30,Callister
6e. (Fig. 9.30
copyright 1971 by United States Steel Corporation.) 23
ALLOYING STEEL WITH MORE ELEMENTS
Adapted from Fig. 9.31,Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.31 Adapted from Fig. 9.32,Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.32
from Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying from Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying
Elements in Steel, American Society for Elements in Steel, American Society for
Metals, 1939, p. 127.) Metals, 1939, p. 127.)
24
APPLICATION: REFRACTORIES
• Need a material to use in high temperature furnaces.
• Consider Silica (SiO2) - Alumina (Al2O3) system.
• Phase diagram shows:
mullite, alumina, and crystobalite (made up of SiO2)
tetrahedra as candidate refractories.
2200 3Al2O3-2SiO2
T(°C)
mullite
2000 Liquid
(L) alumina + L
Adapted from Fig.
12.27, Callister 6e.
1800 (Fig. 12.27 is adapted
crystobalite mullite alumina from F.J. Klug and R.H.
+L +L + Doremus, "Alumina
Silica Phase Diagram in
1600 mullite the Mullite Region", J.
mullite American Ceramic
+ crystobalite Society 70(10), p. 758,
1400 1987.)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Composition (wt% alumina)
25
SUMMARY
• Phase diagrams are useful tools to determine:
--the number and types of phases,
--the wt% of each phase,
--and the composition of each phase
for a given T and composition of the system.
• Alloying to produce a solid solution usually
--increases the tensile strength (TS)
--decreases the ductility.
• Binary eutectics and binary eutectoids allow for
a range of microstructures.
26