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    Muhammad Faizan
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    This document summarizes information about the sheep ked (Melophagus ovinus). It describes the morphology, life cycle, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment/control of sheep keds. Key points include that sheep keds are wingless flies that feed on sheep blood, causing irritation, dermatitis, and potential anemia. Their life cycle is spent entirely on the host sheep. Treatment involves insecticide application, shearing, and dipping or spraying sheep to control infestations.

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    This document summarizes information about the sheep ked (Melophagus ovinus). It describes the morphology, life cycle, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment/control of sheep keds. Key points include that sheep keds are wingless flies that feed on sheep blood, causing irritation, dermatitis, and potential anemia. Their life cycle is spent entirely on the host sheep. Treatment involves insecticide application, shearing, and dipping or spraying sheep to control infestations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    46 views3 pages

    MALOPHAGUS OVINUS - Docx Faizi

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Faizan
    This document summarizes information about the sheep ked (Melophagus ovinus). It describes the morphology, life cycle, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment/control of sheep keds. Key points include that sheep keds are wingless flies that feed on sheep blood, causing irritation, dermatitis, and potential anemia. Their life cycle is spent entirely on the host sheep. Treatment involves insecticide application, shearing, and dipping or spraying sheep to control infestations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    STUDENT NAME : MUHAMMAD FAIZAN

    NAME OF FACULTY MEMBER : Dr. AHMAD YAR QAMAR

    COLLEGE OF VETERINARY & ANIMAL SCIENCES JHANG

    Assigned Topic : MALOPHAGUS OVINUS (SHEEP KEDS)

    INTRODUCTION

    It is a fly from the family Hippoboscidae. It is commonly referred


    as sheep tick which is incorrect as it is distinguishable from the Kingdom: Animalia
    characteristics of a true tick.
    Phylum: Arthropoda
    MORPHOLOGY

    The sheep ked, Melophagus ovinus, is one of the most widely Class: Insecta
    distributed and important external parasites of sheep.
    Keds are wingless dipterans. The adult is ~7 mm long, flat, brown
    Order: Diptera
    or reddish in color, blood sucking and covered with short, bristly
    hairs. The head is short and broad, and the legs are strong and
    armed with stout claws. Family: Hippoboscidae

    LIFE CYCLE
    Genus: Melophagus
    The adult fly lives entirely on the skin of sheep. Females mate and
    produce 10–15 larvae following a gestation of about 10–12 days. Species: M.  ovinus
    The larvae attach to the wool or hair, and pupate for about 3
    weeks. The adult female feeds on blood and lives for 4–5 months,
    and the life-cycle is completed in about 5–6 weeks. Infection is highest in fall and winter.
    Females live 100–120 days and produce ~10 larvae during this time; males live ~80 days. The
    entire life cycle is spent on the host.

    EPIDEMIOLOGY / TRANSMISSION

    Keds that fall off the host usually survive <1 wk and present little danger of infestation to a
    flock. Ked numbers increase during the winter and early spring when they spread rapidly
    through a flock, particularly when sheep are assembled in close quarters for feeding or
    shelter.

    PATHOGENESIS / CLINICAL SIGNS

    In sheep and goats, sheep keds produce a chronic irritation and dermatitis with associated
    pruritus. Pruritus develops around the neck, sides, abdomen, and rump. In severe cases,
    anemia may occur. Keds can transmit Bluetongue Virus.

    To feed, sheep keds pierce the skin with their mouthparts and suck blood. They usually feed
    on the neck, breast, shoulder, flanks, and rump but not on the back where dust and other
    debris collect in the wool. Ked bites cause pruritus over much of the host’s body; sheep often
    bite, scratch, and rub themselves, thus damaging the wool. The fleece becomes thin, ragged,
    and dirty. The excrement of the keds causes a permanent brown discoloration, which is likely
    to reduce the value of the wool. Keds also cause a defect in hides called a cockle, which
    affects the grade and value of the sheep skin. Infested sheep, particularly lambs and pregnant
    ewes, may lose vitality and become unthrifty. Heavy infestations can considerably reduce the
    condition of the host and even cause anemia. Keds also transmit Trypanosoma melophagium,
    a nonpathogenic protozoan parasite of sheep.

    DIAGNOSIS

    Keds are diagnosed by gross or microscopic identification. Close inspection of the damaged, dirty
    wool and underlying skin reveals infestation by the unique appearance of these wingless, hairy flies.

    TREATMENT & CONTROL

    Ivermectin or other insecticides like pyrethrin are useful treatment agents.

    Therapy involves shearing all sheep in the affected flock, followed by two topical
    applications of malathion, diazinon, or coumaphos at 14- to 21-day intervals to kill emerging
    adults.
    Dipping is an effective method of treatment. Completely submerging the sheep in vats
    ensures the destruction of all keds present but, in most instances, does not kill the pupated
    larvae; a long-acting insecticide is required to kill newly emerging keds.
    Spraying may be as effective as dipping and is more convenient in some areas. Pressures of
    100–200 lb/sq in. (7–14 kg/cm 2) for short wool and 300–350 lb/sq in. (21–28 kg/cm 2) for long
    wool are commonly used.
    Shower dipping is also sometimes used; the sheep are held in a special pen and showered
    from above and below until the fleece is saturated.
    Jetting involves the forceful application of the insecticide by means of a hand-held, multiple-
    jet comb drawn through the short fleece.
    Spot-on or pour-on formulations of the newer pyrethroids are easy to apply and very
    effective.
    Powder dusting fits well into management practices at shearing time. It is rapid, economical,
    and avoids wetting the animals. Various types of equipment for dusting are available
    commercially.
    REFERENCES :

    1.  Maa TC (1969). "A Revised Checklist and Concise Host Index of Hippoboscidae (Diptera)".  Pacific
    Insects Monograph. Honolulu: Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii.  20: 261–299.
    2. ^ Jump up to:a b "Sheep Keds".  Veterinary Entomology. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell
    University. Retrieved  18 April  2015.
    3. ^ Jump up to:a b c d McDermit S, Stephan A, Bennett A (2003).  "Sheep Ked  Melophagus ovinus". West
    Lafayette, IN, USA: Purdue University Animal Science Sheep Research and Education Center.
    Archived from  the original  on 2009-02-02. Retrieved  2009-02-03.
    4. ^ Larroza M (16 January 2013).  "Caracterización de la melofagosis en ovinos en la región
    patagónica: ciclo biológico, dinámica poblacional y distribución". Doctoral Thesis: 125.
    Retrieved  16 April  2014.
    5. ^ Chrudimský T, Husník F, Nováková E, Hypša V (2012-07-17). Driks A (ed.).  "Candidatus Sodalis
    melophagi sp. nov.: phylogenetically independent comparative model to the tsetse fly symbiont
    Sodalis glossinidius".  PLOS ONE.  7  (7):
    e40354.  Bibcode:2012PLoSO...740354C.  doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040354.  PMC  3398932.  P
    MID  22815743.
    6. By Charles M. Hendrix , DVM, PhD, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary
    Medicine, Auburn University
    7. Stephen D. White, ... Muhammad Muzafar Makhdoomi, in Large Animal Internal
    Medicine (Sixth Edition), 2020

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