Australasian Lichenology
Australasian Lichenology
Australasian Lichenology
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<strong>Australasian</strong> <strong>Lichenology</strong><br />
Number 53, July 2003<br />
5mm _______<br />
The New Zealand crustose endemic Placopsis salaz ina in Southland. The species<br />
is saxicolous and has a determinate thallus which lacks isidia, soredia, or a prothallus,<br />
and contains salazinic acid.<br />
CONTENTS<br />
ARTICLES<br />
Archer, AW-Graphina hartmanniana Mull. Arg., an additional synonym for<br />
Dictyographa cinerea (C. Knight & Mitt.) Mull. Arg...................................... 3<br />
Elvebakk, A; Galloway, DJ-Notes on the heterogeneous genus Psoroma s. lat.<br />
in New Zealand .... .. .............. ......... .............................. ... ............. .... ............ ... ... 4<br />
Elix, JA; Jayanthi, VK-5-Methoxylecanoric acid, a new depside from Melanelia<br />
glabratula.................................. ... .. .................... .. ... ....... .............................. ... 10<br />
Elix, JA-New species and new records ofNeofuscelia (Parmeliaceae, lichenized<br />
Ascomycota) from Australia ... ... .. ....................... .... ... ....... .. ............. .. .... .. .... ... 14<br />
RECENT LITERATURE ON AUSTRALASIAN LICHENS 19<br />
ADDITIONAL LICHEN RECORDS FROM NEW ZEALAND<br />
Galloway, DJ (40)-Buellia aethalea (Ach.) Th. Fr., Catillaria contristans (Ny!.)<br />
Zahlbr., Frutidella caesioatra (Schaer') Kalb, Placynthium rosulans (Th. Fr.)<br />
Zahlbr. and Pseudocyphellaria mallota (Tuck.) H. Magn............................. 20<br />
I<br />
<strong>Australasian</strong> <strong>Lichenology</strong><br />
Number 53, July 2003 ISSN 1328-4401
Graphina hartmanniana MillI. Arg., an additional synonym<br />
for Dictyographa cinerea (C. Knight & Mitt.) Miill. Arg.<br />
Alan W. Archer<br />
National Herbarium ofNew South Wales<br />
Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney 2000, N.S.W., Australia<br />
The genus Dictyographa (Muller 1893) is characterized by sessile, simple, black<br />
lirellae, hyaline, muriform ascospores, and anastomosing paraphyses. Dictyo·<br />
grapha cinerea (C. Knight) Mull. Arg., described from New Zealand (Muller 1894),<br />
was recently reported from Australia (Archer 2000). A re-examination of a closeup<br />
photograph ofthe holotype ofGraph ina hartmanniana Mull. Arg. found it to be<br />
identical to a similar photograph ofD. cinerea. This superficial identity was confirmed<br />
by reference to Muller's original description of G. hartmanniana (Muller<br />
1882), and a later examination of the holotype ofG. hartmanniana (Archer 1999).<br />
In particular, both species have conspicuous, sessile, simple black lirellae with<br />
completely carbonized proper exciples, they lack lichen compounds, and their ascospores<br />
are similar in size, viz.: D. cinerea 24-28 x 10-12 11m, 6-7 x 2-4-locular;<br />
G. hartmanniana: 19-25 x 6-8(-11) Ilffi, 6-8 x 2-locular.<br />
In the protologue to G. hartmanniana, Muller commented that the species resembled<br />
no other known species. The inconspicuous nature of D. cinerea could<br />
explain why no other specimens of"'G. hartmanniana" have been collected since<br />
Millier's original publication. The species is now known from Queensland and New<br />
South Wales as well as New Zealand.<br />
Dictyographa cinerea (C. Knight & Mitt.) Mull. Arg., Bull. Herb. Boissier 2 (Appendix<br />
1), 78 (1894).<br />
=Opegrapha cinerea C. Knight & Mitt., Trans. Linn. &x:. London 23, 101 (1860).<br />
Type. New Zealand.Auckland, on trees, C. Knight. Lectotype: BM (Hayward 1977:<br />
576).<br />
=Graphina hartmanniana Mull. Arg., Flora 65, 503 (1882).<br />
Type. Australia. Queensland, 'Ibowoomba, C. Hartmann; holotype: G, isotype: MEL<br />
515669.<br />
References<br />
Archer, AW (1999): The lichen genera Graphis and Graphina (Graphidaceae) in<br />
Australia 1. Species based on Australian type specimens. Thlopea 8, 273-295.<br />
Archer, AW (2000): Additional lichen records from Australia 44. Dictyographa cin·<br />
erea (C. Knight & Mitt.) Milli. Arg.<strong>Australasian</strong> <strong>Lichenology</strong> 47,32.<br />
Hayward, GC (1977): Taxonomy ofthe lichen families Graphidaceae and Opegraphaceae<br />
in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal ofBotany 15, 565-584.<br />
Muller, J (1892): Lichenologische Beitriige XVI. Flora 65, 499-505.<br />
Muller, J (1893): Lichenes Arabici. Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier 1. 130-131.<br />
Muller, J (1894): Conspectus systematicus Iichenum Novae Zelandiae. Bulletin de<br />
l'Herbier Boissier 2 (Appendix 1), 1-114.<br />
CORRIGENDA<br />
The specimen of Sclerophyton rostratum cited on page 19 ofArcher & Elix's paper<br />
in Volume 52 should read JAElix 22607, not 22606.<br />
The specimen of Dictyographa cinerea cited on page 32 ofArcher's paper in Volume<br />
47 should read A. WArcher G459, not 0498.<br />
AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 63, July 2003 (3)
Notes on the heterogeneous genus Psoroma s. lat. in New Zealand<br />
Arve Elvebakk<br />
Department of Biology, University of Tromso, N-9037 Tromso, Norway<br />
e-mail: arve.elvebak.k@i.b.uit.no<br />
David J. Galloway<br />
Landcare Research, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin, New Zealand<br />
e-mail: gallowayd@LandcareResearch.co.nz<br />
Abstract: Recent changes in the circumscriptions of the genera Pannaria and<br />
Psoroma have led to the recognition ofan increasing number of"green" species of<br />
Pannaria formerly included in Psaroma. Comments are made on current knowledge<br />
of the heterogeneous genus Psoroma, with special reference to New Zealand<br />
species. Five new combinations in Pannaria are here proposed, viz. Pannaria<br />
allorhiza (Ny!.) Elvebakk & D.J. Galloway, Panna ria athroophylla (Stirt.) Elvebakk<br />
& D.J. Galloway. Pannaria durietzii (P. James & Henssen) Elvebakk & D.J. Galloway.<br />
Pannaria euphylla (Ny!.) Elvebakk & D.J. Galloway and Pannaria patagonica<br />
(Malme) Elvebakk & D.J. Galloway.<br />
Introduction<br />
In the major temperate biomes ofthe Southern Hemisphere, viz. southern South<br />
America, south-eastAustralia, Tasmania and especially New Zealand, the family<br />
Pannariaceae is both highly speciose (often at a local as well as a regional level),<br />
and of considerable biomass, in forest, scrub, and grassland landscapes, with the<br />
following genera being represented there: DegeliaArv. & D.J. Galloway, Erioderma<br />
Detailed studies of Pannaria s. lat. and Psoroma s. lat. in the Southern Hemisphere<br />
are currently in progress and will be reported in detail elsewhere (Elvebakk<br />
in prep.). However, as part ofrevisionary work for the forthcoming second edition<br />
ofFlora ofNew Zealand Lichens (Galloway in prep.), we here propose transferring<br />
five additional species of Psoroma to Pannaria, in line with present thinking.<br />
Psoroma s. str., as pointed out by J f/Jrgensen & Wedin (1999) and Jf/Jrgensen (2oo0a,<br />
2002a) refers to the Psoroma hypnorum group oftaxa, but there are at least two<br />
other groups of species within Psoroma that will eventually need formal recognition<br />
(Elvebakk, unpublished observations). As a first step towards clarifYing the<br />
limits of Psoroma s. lat., we here transfer five species currently in Psoroma to<br />
Panna ria, although Pannaria too might in the future also prove to be heterogeneous.<br />
Pannaria allorhiza (Nyl.) Elvebakk & D.J. Galloway, comb. nov.<br />
E Lecanora allorhiza Nyl., Flora 51: 373 (1868).<br />
ill Psoroma allorhizum (Nyl.) Hue, Nouv. Archs. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 3, 3: 45<br />
(1891).<br />
Type: New Zealand. Sine loco (probably Wellingtonl, Charles Knight s. n.; lectotype:<br />
H-NYL 30795 (fide Galloway (1985: (68)1; i80lectotypes: BM, WELT.<br />
=Ph;yscia regalis Zahlbr., Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wten Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 104:<br />
379 (1941).<br />
Type: New Zealand. Auckland, Rangitoto Island, on Metrosideros tomentosa in<br />
light forest, H.H. Allan AIDS; holotype: W; isotype: CHR 379831.<br />
ILLUSTRATIONS: Malcolm & Galloway (1997: 107, 135 - as Psoroma allorhizum);<br />
Fee, Fuscoderma (D.J. Galloway & P.M. Jf/Jrg.) P.M. Jf/Jrg. & D.J. Galloway, Fusca Malcolm & Malcolm (2000: 40, 106 - as Psoroma allorhizum).<br />
pannaria P.M. Jf/Jrg., Leiodenna Nyl., Pannaria Delise ex Bory, Parmeliella Mull.<br />
Arg., Psoroma Ach. ex Michx., Psoromidium Stirt., Santessoniella Henssen and<br />
DESCRIPTION: Galloway (1985: 467-468 - as Psoroma allorhizum)<br />
Siphulastrum MUll. Arg.<br />
Chemistry: Several chemodemes reported, most commonly with vicanicin and oc<br />
Until relatively recently, the accepted circumscriptions ofthe genera Pannaria<br />
casionally with additional allorhizin (Ellx et al. 1982: 2328).<br />
and Psaroma in the Southern Hemisphere were those of Galloway (1985) and<br />
Jf/Jrgensen & Galloway (1992). Subsequent studies on the Pannariaceae in both<br />
DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand. Northland (Herekino, Waipoua, Omanaia, Thta·<br />
Northern and Southern Hemispheres have led to changes in these earlier views,<br />
moe, Hen &: Chickens Islands, Little Barrier Island, Great Barrier Island, Rakitu<br />
although the process of generic delimitation in the Pannariaceae is still far from<br />
Island. Whangarei, Tokatoka, Mahurangi River, Waiheke Island), Auckland<br />
settled (Ekman & Jf/Jrgensen 2002).<br />
(Anawahata, Waitakere Range, Rangitoto), South Auckland (Great Mercury Is<br />
Jf/Jrgensen (1994) defined Pannaria more narrowly as a mainly foliose and preland,<br />
Mt Maugatawhiri, Coromandel Peninsula, Kaimm Range, Slipper Island),<br />
dominantly tropical or warm-temperate genus, having pannarin and related com<br />
Wellington (Kapiti Island), Nelson (Mt Robert, Te Rata, S of Karamea, Maruia),<br />
pounds as majorsecondary metabolites, apothecia with thalline margins, asci with·<br />
Marlborough (D'Urville Island, Chetwode Islands, Resolution Bay, Queen Char<br />
out amyloid apical structures, and partly amyloid hymenia. He segregated from<br />
lotte Sound).<br />
Pannaria s. str. squamulose, cool-temperate taxa, usually having fatty acids and<br />
terpenoids as major secondary metabolites, and with variously marginate apoth<br />
NOTES: Pannaria allorhiza is characterized by the relatively long, parallel lobes,<br />
ecia, hemiamyloid hymenia and asci with amyloid apical structures, and placed<br />
with the central parts ofthe thallus having short, swollen, glomerulate isidia. It is<br />
these in a new genus Fuscopannaria (Jf/Jrgensen 1994, 2000a, 2000b, 2002b;<br />
a large species, endemic to northern New Zealand.<br />
Jf/Jrgensen & Zhurbenko 2002). Later, he suggested that the large, leafY, subtropical<br />
species of Psoroma should be regarded as "green" species of Pannaria, and<br />
Pannaria athroophylla (Stirt.) Elvebakk &: D.J. Galloway, comb. nov.<br />
assigned the Psoroma sphinctrinum group to Pannaria (Jf/Jrgensen 2001). Psoroma<br />
E Psoroma athroophyllum Stirt., Rep. 7rans. Glasgow Soc. Fld Nat. 1: 21 (1873).<br />
s. str., with P. hypnorum as generitype, refers to small-squamulose, terricolous,<br />
E Psoroma subpruinosum var. athroophyllum (Stirt.) C. Knight, 7rans. New Zealand<br />
muscicolous or saxicolous taxa, without any demonstrable secondary chemistry<br />
Inst. 7: 365 (1875).<br />
(with the exception ofP. buchananii and P. fruticulasum, always brownish through<br />
• Phloeopannaria athroophylla (Stirt.) Zahlbr., Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wten Math.deposition<br />
ofmelanins in the upper cortex), and with an apical amyloid ring struc<br />
Naturwiss. Kl. 104: 276 (1941).<br />
ture in the ascus apex (Jf/Jrgensen & Wedin 1994: 3(1). Until very recently, Psoroma<br />
Type: New Zealand. On bark oftrees, Tinakori Hills, Wellington, J. Buchanan 45;<br />
was interpreted much more broadly than this (see references above), and it is now<br />
lectotype: GLAM; isolectotype: WELT.<br />
recognized that Psoroma s. lat. comprises several discordant elements.<br />
o<br />
CD<br />
AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 53, July 2003<br />
AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 53, July 2003
colour when wet. It was reported to be quite common in New Zealand (Galloway<br />
1985: 479); however, current studies indicate that these records may refer to at<br />
least one undescribed species with deviating chemistry, but as yet only part of the<br />
material available for study has been analysed. Until this question is resolved,<br />
Pannaria patagonica is best considered a doubtful species in New Zealand.<br />
Acknowledgements<br />
We would both like to thank our friend Prof. Per Magnus J_rgensen (University of<br />
Bergen) for valuable discussions on generic delimitation in the Pannariaceae. The<br />
second author is grateful to Sue Gibb (Landcare Research, Lincoln) and to Mei<br />
Nee Lee (Auckland Institute and Museum) for information on collections ofPsor·<br />
oma I Pannaria in CHR and AI{ respectively. Funds to the second author were<br />
provided by the Foundation for Research Science and Thchnology (FRST Wellington,<br />
New Zealand) under Contract C09618.<br />
References<br />
Calvelo, S; Liberatore, S (2001): Checklist ofArgentinian lichens (Version 2). http:!<br />
lwww.biologie.uni-hamburg.delchecklistslargen_12.htm<br />
Ekman, S; Jlfrgensen, PM (2002): 1bwards a molecular phylogeny for the lichen<br />
family Pannariaceae (Lecanorales, Ascomycota). Canadian Journal ofBotany<br />
80,625-634.<br />
Elix, JA; Lajide, L; Galloway, DJ(1982): Metabolites from the lichen genusPsoroma.<br />
Australian Journal ofChemistry 35, 2325-2333.<br />
Galloway, DJ (1985): Flora ofNew Zealand Lichens. i-Ixxiii + 1-662 pp. P.D. Hasselberg,<br />
New Zealand Government Printer, Wellington.<br />
Galloway, DJ; QuiIhot, W (1999) ("1998"): Checklist ofChilean lichen-forming and<br />
lichenicolous fungi. Gayana (Botanica) 55, 111-185.<br />
James, PW; Henssen, A (1975): A new sorediate species ofPsoromo. with sorediate<br />
cephalodia. Lichenologist 7, 143-147. I<br />
Jlfrgensen, PM; Galloway, DJ (1992): Pannariaceae. Flora ofAustralia 54,246-293.<br />
Jlfrgensen, PM (1994): Studies in the lichen family Pannariaceae VI: The taxonomy<br />
and phytogeography of Pannaria Del. s. lat. Journal ofthe Hattori Bot·<br />
anical Laboratory 76, 197-206.<br />
J_rgensen, PM; Wedin, M (1999): On Psoroma, species from the Southern Hemisphere<br />
with cephalodia producing vegetative dispersal units. Lichenologist 31,<br />
341-347.<br />
J_rgensen, PM (2000a): Survey ofthe lichen family Pannariaceae on the American<br />
continent, north of Mexico. Bryologist 103, 670-704.<br />
Jlfrgensen, PM (2000b): Notes on some East-Asian species of the lichen genus<br />
Fuscopannaria. Journal ofthe Hattori Botanical Laboratory 89, 247-259.<br />
J_rgensen, PM (2001): New species and records ofthe lichen family Pannariaceae<br />
from Australia. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 78,109-139.<br />
Jlfrgensen, PM (2002a): Psoromo.. In: Nash III, TH; Ryan, BD; Gries, C; Bungartz,<br />
F (Eds) Lichen Flora ofthe Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I (the pyre nolichens<br />
and most of the squamulose and macrolichens). pp. 431-433. Lichens<br />
Unlimited, Arizona State University: 'Thmpe, Arizona.<br />
J,rgensen, PM (2002b): Further notes on Asian species ofthe lichen genus Fusco·<br />
pannaria. Journal ofthe Hattori Botanical Laboratory 92,225-229.<br />
J_rgensen, PM; Zhurbenko, M (2002): Two new, remarkable, arctic species in the<br />
lichen genus Fuscopannaria (Pannariaceae, Iichenized Ascomycetes). Bryologist<br />
105, 465-469.<br />
Kantvilas, J; James, PW; Jarman, SJ (1985): Macrolichens in Tasmanian rainforests.<br />
Lichenolol1ist 17, 67-83.<br />
Kantvilas,<br />
o<br />
G; James, PW (1987): The macrolichens of Tasmanian rainforest: key<br />
and notes. Lichenologist 19, 1-28.<br />
AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY ISS, July 2003<br />
Kantvilas, G (1989): A checklist ofTasmanian lichens. Papers and Proceedings of<br />
the Royal Society ofTasmania 123, 67-85.<br />
Kantvilas, G (1994): A revised checklistofthe Tasmanian lichen flora. Muelkria 8,<br />
155-175.<br />
Kantvilas, G; Jarman, SJ (1999): Lichens of rainforest in Tasmania and southeastern<br />
Australia. Flora ofAustralia SuppkTMntary Series 9, i-xi + 1-212.<br />
Malcolm, WM; Galloway, DJ (1997): New Zealand Lichens. Checklist, Key, and<br />
Glossary. i-vi + 192 pp. Museum ofNew Zealand 'Ie Papa 1bngarewa, Wellington.<br />
Malcolm, B (W.M.J; Malcolm, N (2000): New Zealand Lichens. i-ii + 134 pp. Micro<br />
Optics Press, Nelson.<br />
Malcolm, B [w.M.); Malcolm, N (2001): New Zealand's Leaf-Dwelling Lichens. i-vi<br />
+ 73 pp. Micro-Optics Press, Nelson.<br />
Malme, GOA (1925): Die Pannariazeen des Regnellschen Herbars.Arkiu fOr Bota.nik<br />
20A(6), 1-23.<br />
McCarthy, PM (2003): Catalogue ofAustralian lichens. FWra ofAustralia SuppleTMntary<br />
Series 19, 1-237.<br />
Purvis, OW (2000): Lichens. 1-112 pp. The Natural History Museum, London.<br />
Quilhot, W; Piovano, M; Arancibia, H; Garbarino, JA; Gambaro, V (1989): Studies<br />
on Chilean lichens, XII. Chemotaxonomyofthe genus Psoromo.. Journal ofNatural<br />
Products 52,191-192.<br />
Vezda, A(1997): Lichenes Rariores Exsiccati. Fasciculus undetricesimus (numeris<br />
281-290). 4 pp. Brno.<br />
AUSTRALASIAN LICHENOLOGY 53, July 2003 o
subsorediza, Brigantiaea fuscolutea, *Buellia adjuncta, B. aethalea, Caloplaca<br />
ammiospila, C. biatorina, C. caesiorufella, C. cerina, C. chrysodeta, C.<br />
chrysophthalma, C. concilians, C. crenulatella, C. rubelliana, C. saxicola, C.<br />
torwensis, C. xantholyta, Candelariella subde{lexa, Carbonea vitellinaria, C.<br />
vorticosa, Catapyrenium cinereum, C. daedalum, Catillaria contristans,<br />
*Cercidospora trypetheliza, Cetrariella delisei, Cladonia earneola, C. ecm.ocyna, C.<br />
gracilis subsp. vulnerata, C. sulphurina, C. uncialis, Clauzadea monticola,<br />
Clauzadeana macula, *Clypeococcum grossum, *Dactylospora acarosporae, *D.<br />
australis, *D. frigid4, *D. parasitica, Dermatocarpon luridum, Epigloea soleiformis,<br />
Frutidella caesioatra,lcmadophila ericetorum,lmmersaria athroocarpa, Lecanora<br />
bicincta, L. cavicola, L. intricata, L. swartzii, Lecidea diducens, L. lapicida subsp.<br />
lapicida, L. lapicida subsp. pantherina, L, swarlioidea, *L. verruca, Lecidella<br />
wulfenii, Lecido17UJ, demissum, Lepraria eburnea, L. membranacea, L. neglecta, L.<br />
vouauxii, Leptogium plicatile, *Lichenochora xanthoriae, Massalongia carnosa,<br />
Megaspora verrucosa, Miriquidica deusta, M. nigroleprosa, *Muellerella pygmaea,<br />
Mycobilimbia hypnorum, Myxobilimbia labulata, Ochrolechia xanthosto17UJ"<br />
Neofuscelia subhosseana, Pannaria hookeri, Peltigera lepidophora, P. malacea, P.<br />
neckeri, P. neopolydactyla, Perlusaria doctylina, Physcia semipinnata, Plac:ynthieUa<br />
oligotropha, Placynthium rosulans, *Polycoccum pulvinatum, *P. squa17UJ,rioides,<br />
Porpidia platycarpoides, P. superba, Pseudephebe minuscula' P. pubescens, Psoroma<br />
hypnorum, Racodium rupestre, Rhizocarpon copelandii, R. disporum, R.<br />
eupetraeum, R. geminatum, R. geographicum subsp. arcticum, R. grande, R.<br />
hochstetteri, R.lavatum, R.lecanorinum, R. polycarpum, *R. pusillum, R. reductum,<br />
R. submodestum, R. subpostumum, *Rimularia insularis, R. psephota, *Rinodina<br />
insularis, R. olivaceobrunnea, R. roscid4, Schaereria fabispora, S. fuscocinerea,<br />
Sclerophora a17UJ,bilis, Solorina crocea, S. spongiosa, Sporastatia testudinea,<br />
Staurothele {issa, Tetramelas papillata, *Thamnogalla crombei, Thelomma<br />
ocellatum, Thrombium epigaeum, Trapeliopsis pseudo granulosa, Tuckermannopsis<br />
chlorophylla, Umbilicaria grisea, U. krascheninnikovii, U. nylanderiana, U.<br />
subglabra, U. umbilicarioides, U. virginis, Wrrucaria aquatilis, V. ceuthocarpa, V.<br />
morgacea, V. mucosa, V. rheitrophila, V. striatula, Xanthoria elegans and x<br />
polycarpa.<br />
How are these bipolar lichen distributions explained? This was discussed in a<br />
preliminary way by Galloway & Aptroot (1995), and at present biogeographers<br />
suggest two major frameworks: (1) VlCariance models. Allopatric speciation resulting<br />
from some kind ofgeographical barrier separating a formerly continuous population.<br />
Rafting of fragments from earlier landmasses such as Gondwana, and/or<br />
the accretion of terranes ofexotic origin. There are several competing scenarios,<br />
but as yet none has been rigorously tested, partly because alpine lichens of the<br />
Southern Hemisphere and oftropical mountains are still not adequately and accurately<br />
known, nor is the geology ofcomposite present-day landmasses known with<br />
certainty. (2) Long-distance dispersal. This is now much more fashionable in discussions<br />
ofplant distributions in the Southern Hemisphere than it was a decade<br />
or so ago (see for example Pole 2001). The alpine vegetation for the South Island of<br />
New Zealand, although physically isolated in the southern ocean for some SOMY<br />
and with a high degree ofendemism, is nevertheless comparatively young, adaptive<br />
radiation having occurred after long-distance dispersal during the late Miocene<br />
to early Pleistocene (McGlone et al. 2001, Lee et al. 2001). Unlike the flowering<br />
plants of alpine New Zealand, the alpine lichens have apparently not speciated<br />
in situ at all, with only a few endemic taxa developed such as Labyrintha<br />
(Malcolm et al. 1995). Some undoubtedly have arrived in relatively recent times in<br />
the West Wind Drift, but others could well be truly Gondwanan or even earlier<br />
relicts.<br />
@<br />
AUSTRALASIAN LlCHENOLOGY 63, July 2003<br />
The persistence oflichen communities in extreme, high-alpine environments at<br />
high latitudes in both hemispheres is a well-recognized phenomenon (Galloway &<br />
Aptroot, 1995, Adler & Calvelo 2002), but still without a single unifying explanation.<br />
Recent developments in phylogenetic systematics of fungi have shown that<br />
the lichenized state is indeed a very ancient symbiosis stretching back to the very<br />
beginnings ofthe colonization ofthe earth by living systems, and that lichen associations<br />
are the likely ancestors ofCree-living Ascomycete fungaIlines (Lutzoni et<br />
al. 2001). There is evidence that gains oflichenization often are followed by losses.<br />
It is axiomatic that earth and life evolved together, so in seeking an explanation<br />
for the phenomenon ofbipolarity in lichens, increasingly more sophisticated (and<br />
hopefully cheaper) molecular methods, plus advances in knowledge of composite<br />
geological areas, will be powerful tools to help provide some realistic answers.<br />
Acknowledgements<br />
I am grateful to my friend Prof. Per Magnus JfJrgensen (University of Bergen)<br />
for assistance with identification of Plac;ynthium rosuians, and to Ruth Lewis<br />
(Landcare Research Library, Lincoln), Dr Robin Craw (Otago Museum), Dr Peter<br />
Johnston (Landcare Research, Mt Albert, Auckland) and Priv. Doc. Dr Klaus Kalb<br />
(Neumarkt) for help with literature. Funds for this research were provided by the<br />
Marsden Fund administered br the Royal Society ofNew Zealand under Contract<br />
UOOS05, and by the Foundatlon for Research, Science and Technology (FRST,<br />
Wellington) under Contract C0961S.<br />
References<br />
Adler, M; Calvelo, S (2002): Parmeliaceae species (lichenized Ascomycetes) from<br />
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