GRAPHIS SCNIPTA - Universitetet i Oslo

GRAPHIS SCNIPTA 

Volym 7, hafte 2, 1995 

Nordisk Lichenologtsk Forening

Nordisk Lichenologisk Ftirening (NLF) 

Nordic Lichen Society 

Ordforande President: Hordur Kristinsson, 

The Akureyri Museum of Natural History, 

P.O. Box 580, 602 Akureyri, Island. 

Vice ordf6rande Vice President: Steen N. 

Christensen, Botanisk Museum, Gothersgade 

L30, DK-lIZ3Kgbenhavn K, Danmark. 

Sekreterare Secretary: Starri Heidmarsson, 

Institutionen f6r Systematisk Botanik, Uppsala 

Universitet, Villavtigen 6, 3-752 36 Uppsala, 

Sverige. 

Graphis Scripta utges av Nordisk Lichenologisk 

Forening (NLF) med 2 nummer per 6r. 

Graphis Scipta publicerar vetenskapliga 

artiklar av intresse for nordisk lichenologi och 

f6reningsmeddelanden. Medlemskap i NLF iir 

oppet for alla intresserade. Personligt medlemskap 

i NLF kostar SEK 300 for 1996-1997 

eller SEK 600 I996-L999. Medlemmar i NLF 

fir Graphb Scripta utan kostnad. Prenumeration 

(bibliotek, institutioner) kostar SEK 400 

f6r L996-L997 eller SEK 800 for 1996-L999. 

Priset for volym 1-3 (1986-I99L) iir SEK 250 

och f6r volym 4-5 (1992-1993) SEK 2W. 

Bestiillning gors hos kassoren. Medlems- eller 

prenumerationsavgift siitts in p5 f6reningens 

postgirokonto eller betalas med check i 

svenska kronor. Adressiindring meddelas till 

kassOren. 

Redakt6r Managing Editor: Einar Timdal, 

Botanisk hage og museum, Universitetet i 

Oslo, Trondheimsveien ?38, N-0562 Oslo, 

Norge. Telefan (47) 22 851835. E-mail: 

einar. timdal@ toyen.uio. no. 

Teknisk redaktion Technical board: Gunnar 

Carlin, Anders Nordin, G6ran Thor (teknisk 

redaktor Technical Editor) och Mats Wedin. 

Kassor Treasurer: Ingemar Herber, Majg6rdsviigen 

7, S- L41, 44 Huddinge, Sverige. 

Ovriga styrelsemedlemmar Other committee 

members: Jon Holtan-Hartwig, Botanisk 

institutt, Universitetet i Bergen, All6gaten 41, 

N-5007 Bergen, Norge. 

Mikko Kuusinen, Viides Linja 16 B 58, 

FIN-00530 Helsinki, Finland. 

Graphis Scripta is published by the Nordic 

Lichen Society (NLF) twice a year. Graphis 

Scripta publishes papers of interest to Nordic 

lichenology and information from NLF. Membership 

of NLF is open to all individuals 

interested in lichenology. The membership is 

personal and costs SEK 300 for L996-L997 or 

SEK 600 for L996-L999. Members receive 

Graphis Scripta free of charge. The subscription 

price is SEK 400 for L996-L997 or SEK 

800 for L996-I999. The membership or subscription 

fee should be sent to the Treasurer 

(postal account or cheque in Swedish 

currency). Back issues can be ordered from the 

treasurer by paying SEK 250 for volumes 1-3 

(1986-1991) and SEK 200 for volumes 4-5 

(1992-L993). Send notices of change of 

address to the Treasurer. 

Adress: Goran Thor, Botaniska institutionen, 

Stockholms Universitet, 5-106 91 Stockholm, 

Sverige. 

NLF's postgirokonto Postal account: 44L 57 

93-I, Nordisk Lichenologisk Forening, clo I. 

Herber, Majg6rdsviigen 7, 5-141 44 Huddinge, 

Sverige. 

Framsidans teckning Frontpage: Ulf Arup. Stockholm, december 1995, ISSN 0901 -7593.

Slektet Lepraria i Skfine 

LOUISE LINDBLOM 

Lindbloil, L. L995: Sldktet Lepraria i Skine. [The genus Lepraria in the province 

of Sk6ne, southernmost Sweden.l Graphis Scripta 7: 49-60. Stockholm. 

ISSN 0nL-7593. 

The lichen genus Lepraia Ach. was studied in the province of Sk6ne 

(Scania), southernmost Sweden. Nine trura were found: L. borealu Lohtander 

& Tonsberg, L. crassissima (Hue) kttau, L. elobara Tonsb€rg, L. incana (L.) 

Ach., L. jackii Tonsberg, L. lobificans Nyl., L. neglecta (Nyl.) Lettau, L. 

rigidula (de Lesd.) TOnsberg, and L. umbricola T4nsberg. Lepraria lobiftcans 

is compared with Leproloma vouauxii (Hue) J. R. I-aundon. Lepraia umbricola 

is reported as new to Sweden, and L. borealis, L. crassissima, L. elobata, 

L. jackii, and L. rigidula are reported as new to the province. A key to the 

Swedish species of. Lepraia is provided. 

Louise Lindblom, Department "f Systematic Botany, Lund University, 

O. VaWgatan,TS-20, S-223 61 Lund, Sweden. 

Sltiktet Lepraria Ach. beskrevs for snart 200 hr 

sedan av Acharius (1803). Det f6rbisigs dock 

under st6rre delen av L800-talet, eftersom 

sterila skorpformiga lavar allmiint betraktades 

som outvecklade former av fertila arter. En bit 

in pi 1900-talet vaknade intresset f6r sterila 

skorplavar och s[ sm6ningom 6ven f6r sliktet 

Lepraria. Hue (1924) publicerade ett stort 

antal arter under sldktnamnet Crocynia. Snart 

foljde pionjiirarbeten av Erichsen (1930) och 

Almborn (L952). Lettau (1958) tog ocksi upp 

Lepraria, och han menade att systematiken i 

Hue (L924) var si gott som oanvtindbar. Lettau 

tillade att forskningen r6rande Lepraria 

egentligen inte hade gjort n6gra framsteg 

sedan Acharius tid. 

Studierna av sltiktet har intensifierats 

under de senaste decennierna. Det 6r frbmst 

studier av den komplexa och varierade 

sekundiirkemin som har lett till en 6kad 

forstAelse av .toronomin. Ett flertal viktiga 

arbeten har publicerats, t. ex. I-aundon (1963, 

t974, 1981, L989, L992), Kiimmerling & 

Leuckert (1993), Ktimmerling m. fl. (I99I, 

1993a, 1993b), Tonsberg (L992), Lohtander 

(L994). Flera arter har brutits ut och f6rts till 

andra sliikten, Dya arter har beskrivits, och det 

har blivit m6jligt att pi ett klarare sdtt avgriinsa 

de kyarvarande arterna i Lepraia. Den 

variabla kemin i sllktet anses reflektera dess 

polyffletiska ursprung (TOnsberg 1992). 

Lepraia borealis, L. caesioalba och L. 

neglecta anses dock bilda en monoffletisk 

grupp (Lepraria neglecta-gruppen) inom sltiktet 

(Ktimmerling m. fl. 1993b, Lohtander 

Lee4). 

En art, L. chrysodeta, har f6rts till sliiktet 

Leproplaca, som omfattar sterila arter med 

antrakinoner och helt soredios b6l (laundon 

L974). Klrnefelt (1989) plpekade dock att 

skillnaderna mellan Caloplaca och Leproplaca 

inte 6r tillrdckliga f6r att motivera att dessa 

sliikten h6lls skilda. Enligt Poelt (1991) har 

uppttickten av apothecier hos typarten for 

Leproplaca, L. xanthollta, visat att den tillh6r 

Caloplaca.

50 Louise Lindblom 

Lepraia candelaris och L. chlorina f6rs 

numera till det tidigare monotypiska sltiktet 

Chrysothrix (lâundon 1981). Kemin i sltiktet 

karakteriseras av produktion av pulvinsyraderivat, 

vilka ger bAlen en gul tiirg. 

Nigra arter har brutits ut och f6rts till 

sliiktet Leproloffid, karakteriserat av inneh[ll 

av dibenzofuraner (I-aundon 1989). Sliiktet tir 

numera accepterat, men det iir fortfarande 

n6got oklart hur griinsen mellan Lepraria och 

Leproloma b6r dras. Huvudsakligen beror 

denna oklarhet p5 olika uppfattningar i frflga 

om Lepraria angardiana Ovstedal. Lepraria 

angardiana inneh8ller atranorin, roccellsyra 

och dibenzofuranen porffrilsyra. I-aundon 

(1989) kombinerade om den till Leproloma, 

grundat pA att porffrilsyra iir en dibenzofuran. 

l,aundon hiivdade dessutom att Croqtnin 

caerulescens Hue, som saknar porffrilsyra och 

som @vstedal (1983) hade foreslagit vara en 

synonym till Lepraia angardiana, tillhor 

Lepraria. T@nsberg (L992) foljde Botnen & 

@vstedal (1989), vilka ansig att Lepraia 

angardiana dr en synonym till det 6ldre namnet 

Lepraia caerulescens (Hue) Botnen & 

@vstedal. Enligt Tonsberg (L992) varierar 

koncentrationen av porffrilsyra frin mycket 

169 (niistan omojlig att upptacka med TLC) till 

h6g. Tonsberg menade diirf6r att sliiktavgrtinsningen 

i laundons (1989) bem?irkelse iir 

artificiell. 

Forutom Lepraia angardiana (med 

dibenzofuran) och L. caerulescens (utan 

dibenzofuran), synonymiserade l.aundon 

(1992) iiven L igidula (de ksd.) Tonsberg 

(med innehSll av atranorin och en fettsyra, 

men utan dibenzofuran) med det iildre namnet 

Leproloma cacuminum (Massal.) J. R. lâundon. 

Ytterligare studier kriivs f6r att slutgiltigt 

avg6ra hur Lepraria och Leproloma b6r 

avgriinsas frin varandra. 

Denna artikel behandlar Lepraria s. str. i 

Tonsbergs (L992) bemiirkelse, och bygger 

huvudsakligen pA mitt examensarbete, som jag 

utf6rde 1990 p6 Institutionen f6r systematisk 

botanik, Lunds universitet (Lindblom 1990). 

N6gra resultat har tidigare publicerats av Arup 

& Ekman (1991). Kompletteringar har gjorts 

GRAPHTS SCzuPTA 7 (regs) 

pA grundval av senare publikationer rorande 

sl6ktet. 

Material och metoder 

Detta arbete 6r baserat p6 studier av cirka 250 

kollekter. Flertalet insamlades under aprilj.rni 

1990 ph 17 lokaler i Skflne. Lokalerna 6r 

spridda over landskapet och innefattar olika 

habitat, men ingen utpriiglad kalkbiotop har 

besokts. Kompletterande insamlingar gjordes i 

februariL995. En del ytterligare material i LD, 

samt ett mindre antal kollekter fr6n andra 

delar av Sverige och fr&n Norge har studerats. 

Mitt material iir deponerat i LD. 

Morfologin studerades i talt samt under 

stereolupp. Terminologin r6rande bilens tiirg 

6r grundad pA subjektiva bedOmningar. 

I-avarnas sekundiirkemi analyserades med 

HPTLC enligt Arup m. fl. (1993). Med denna 

metod 96r det att analysera iiven mycket sm6 

prover, vilket det ofta dr frhgan om vid arbete 

med Lepraria. Vid prepareringen, som utfordes 

under stereolupp, iakttogs stor noggrannhet 

f6r att undvika kontamineringar och 

blandprov. Provkorningar visade att 

A-systemet (T.D.A.) och C-systemet (T.A.) 

gav tillfredsstiillande separationer av de forekommande 

lavsubstanserna. Delar av materialet 

har dessutom analyserats i B-systemet. 

Infor varje analystilltrille blandades t?irska l6sningar. 

lâvsubstanserna identifierades med 

hjalp av White & James (1985) samt jiimf6relser 

med kiinda substanser ur referensarter. 

Med de metoder, bl. a. TLC och HPTLC, 

som ofta anvainds for att analysera lavkemi i 

ta,xonomiskt arbete, kan man endast med 

osiikerhet skilja pA olika fettsyror 

(Ktimmerling m. fl. 1993b). Tonsberg (1992) 

anviinde sig av wadimensionella kromatogram 

och grundade ta

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (Lees) Lepraria i Skdne 51 

Nyckel till Lepraria i Sverige 

1. Bel K-, C- och PD- ............... 2 

- Bll reagerar positivt pa minst ett spot-test av K, C och PD .......................... 5 

2. Bel vit-ljusgri-grt; utan gr6n ton ................. ...............,............. 3 

- BAI iirggrdn eller grdngr&-bllgrA-mbrkgrA; oftast med gr6n ton ................ 4 

3. Sorediekorn med Enga (-100pm) utskjutande hyfer; bll l6st mmmanhiingande; kant diffus 

- Sorediekorn utan eller ibland med korta utskjutande hyfer; bil fast; kant tydlig-wagt 

loberad 

4. BAI helt igenom iirggr6n, fluffig med mtug. InnehAller triterpenoider. PA sten, mossa och 

jord i skuggig4 kalkrika habitat ........... L. lesdainii. 

- BAt gr0ngr6-blAgrl-m6rkgri, tunn-tjock utan miirg. Innehttler divaricatsyra och zeorin. 

Pi varierande substrat i olika habitat L. incana 

5. Bel C+ 

6. BAI K+ rdd, C+ rid, inneMller antrakinoner; itrninstone fliickvis gul-orange ....... L. incana 

- Bel K-, C+ rosa-r($ saknar antrakinoner; utan gul fiirg ............................. 7 

7. Bel PD-, C+ rtld, inneMller bL a. nordivaricatsyra. BAI stor, rynkig, kant tydlig-svagt 

loberad L. crassissima 

- BAI PD+ gul eller orange, C+ rosa-rfi ........ 8 

8. Bel fast, liten, rosettformad; kant tydlig-svagt loberad; bel grevit-m0rkgri; PD+ gul, 

C+rosa-r0d (inneMller alectoriralryra och fettsyra) L. negkcta 

- Bll liist sammanhiingande- nigot fustare, stor; kant diffus; bll grlgr6n-blekgron eller 

vitgr6, ofta med gul ton; PD+ fdrst gul, hastigt eller llngmmt orange, C+ r(rd (innehlller 

alectorialsyra, barbatolqyra och protocefrarsyra) L. ebumear* 

9. B6t PD-, K+ gul .......... L. jackii 

- BAI PD+ gul-orange, l(+ gul eller K- .................. 10 

10. Bel med miirgskikt, tjockt fluffrg, gulgrtin-mintgrdn-grtgrdn; kant uppvikt-loberad; 

K+ gul .......... ............ L. 

- BAI utan miirgskikt tunt kornig gr6-bligrA-grigr0n-matt gr0n; kant diftrs; l(+ gul eller 

11. Btl grt-bltgrA; PD+ gul-orange, K+ gul (innehtller bl. a. stictinsyrakomplex). Halvskuggigt, 

inte i skrwor, pA sura substrat; sliit bark och silikatsten L. elobata 

- BAI grAgriin-matt gr6n; PD+ orange, K- eller K+ gul (inneh6ller thamnolsyra). I extremt 

skuggiga ltigen i skrevor pt sten och bark (vid stambasen) ...... L. umbricola 

* Se iiven Arup & Ekman (199) samt Kiimmerling & kuckert (193). 

** Uppgifterna omLepraria ebumea J. R laundon ar tagna ur l-aundon (19%) och Tonsberg 

(1992), eftersom jag inte har sett arten sjdlv. Arten iir i Sverige endast rapporterad frln Dalarna 

(Muhr 193). 

Resultat och diskussion 

Jag har funnit nio arter av Lepraria i Sk6ne. 

De 6r L. borealis Lohtander & Tonsber5, L. 

craJJrJsima (Hue) I-ettau, L. elobata TOnsberg, 

L. incana (L.) Ach., L. jackii Tonsberg, 

L. lobiftcanr Nyl., L. neglecta (Nyl.) Lettau, L. 

igidula (de ksd.) Tonsberg och L. umbicola 

Tonsberg. Av dessa iir fem stycken, L. borealis, 

L. crassissima, L. elobata, L. jackii och L. 

rigidula nya f6r Sklne. En art, l,. umbricola, 

6r ny f6r Sverige. Santesson (1993) .rppger att

52 Louise Lindblom GRAPHTS SCRIPTA 7 (lees) 

Tabell 1. Sekundiirkemin hos de skAnska Lepraria-aftana. n: antal undersokta kollekter; A: 

atranorin; AG: angardiansyra; AL: alectorialsyra (inkl satellitsubstanser); AN: antrakinoner + 

oidentifierad triterpenoid; C: constictinsyra; CS: crlptostictinsyra; D: divaricatsyra; N: norstictinsyra; 

ND: nordivaricatsyra; NR: nonangiformsyra; R: rangiformsyra; RO: roccellsyra; RU: 

rigidula unknown enligt Tonsberg (1992), toligen motsnarande nephrosteransyra i Kiimmerling 

m. fl. (195); ST: stictinsyra; TH: thamnolsyra; Zz zerlrrill. K: K-reaktion; C: C-reaktion; PD: 

PD-reaktion 

Art A AGALAN C CS D NDNR R RORUSTTH Z K C PD 

L. borealis 

L. crassissima 

L. elobata 

L. incana 

L. jackii 

L. lobificans 

L. neglecta 

L. rigidula 

L. umbicola 

15 

2 

2 

160 

2 

45 

15 

5 

2 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+-f+ 

-f+ 

+ii 

tio arter 6r kinda i Sverige. Det'6r allts6 bara 

tvfl av dessa, L. ebuntea J. R. [aundon och L. 

lesdainii (Hue) R. C. Harris, som innu inte 

hittats i Sk6ne. 

Morfologi. Hale (1983) beskriver morfologin 

inom sltiktet Lepraria som en matta bestiende 

av svamphyfer som omsluter algkolonier. 

Denna morfologi anses vara resultatet av 

l6ngtgiende anpassningar till Overlevnad i 

habitat som inte iir direkt exponerade f6r regn 

(Poelt 1987,1991). 

Kring denna grundmorfologi varierar 

arterna med avseende pe skiktning, b6lkantens 

utveckling och sorediekornens packningsgrad. 

Andra viktiga karaktdrer 5r bilens fiirg samt 

sorediekornens storlek och i vilken min utskjutande 

hyfer f6rekommer. Lepraria incana 

iir ett exempel pA arter med diffus och litet 

differentierad bal. Den rosettlika Lepraia 

neglecta diiremot iir ett exempel pi arter med 

hogre grad av bildifferentiering med antydan 

till lober. Lepraia lobificans och L. jackir 6r 

skiktade och har en vit miirg. Lepraria crassissima 

har dessutom en f6rbil, dvs. ett understa 

skikt besttende av sammanfltitade svamphyfer. 

++ 

++ 

++ 

Kemi. Femton identifierade substanser och 

komplex hittades i de sk6nska arterna (Figur 

1, Tabell 1). Dessa 6r: atranorin, zeorin, 

divaricatsyra, nordivaricatsyra, stictinsyrakomplex, 

alectorialsyra (inklusive satelliter), 

fumarprotocetrarsyra, thamnolsyra, tvi antrakinoner 

(den ena troligen parietin), rangiformsyra, 

norrangiformsyra, roccellsyta, 

angardiansyra och "rigidula unknown". Dessutom 

hittades en oidentifierad triterpenoid. 

Av de substanser som jag fann forekommer 

endast fyra, atranorin, divaricatsyra, rangiformsyra 

samt zeorin, i mer 5n en art, Atranorin, 

som jag fann i sex arter, och divaricatsyra, 

som jag fann i tre arter, 6r vanligt 

f6rekommande, inte bara i Lepraria. Rangiformsyra, 

som iir en fettsyra hittades i w5 

arter. Fettsyror kan vara mycket sv6ra att skilja 

6t med HPTLC, till stor del beroende pe att 

flAckarna blir stora och oskarpt avgrinsade. 

De tir trots detta anvtindbara i tru

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (Lges) 

o @ 

h 

{D 

(D 

(D z 

ana 

d % 3 'D 

(DOO 

zzz 

? 

a 

(D 

(Dld 

.D 

z 

st st 

@@ 

@c @c 

Depsid @ Antrakinon Q Fettsyra (fatty acid) 

Depsidon fBenzylester fTriterpenoid 

th 

t 

3 tl 

a 

(D 

oru Lepraria i Skdne 53 

a 

(D 

o' 

Figur 1. HPTlC-kromatogram i q6tem A och C av i SkAne fOrekommande Lepraria-arter. S: 

standardreferens av atranorin och norstictinsyra frtn Pkurosticn acetabulum xh Platismatia 

glauca; I: L. incana;2: L. incana med gul bilfiirg; 3: L. uassissima; 4: L. elobata; 5: L. lobiticansi 

6t L. urnbricola;l: L. jackii; 8: L. rigidula; 9: L. brealis; t0: L. neglecta; a: atranorin; ag: 

angardiansyra; aL alectorialsyra; an: antrakinon; c: constictinsyra; cs: cryptostictinsyra; d: dirraricatsyra; 

n: norstictinsyra; nd: nordilaricatsyra; nr: norrangibrmsyra; r: rangiformsyra; ru: rigidula 

unknornn enligt Tonsberg (192), troligen motsrarande nephrosteransyra i Kiimmerling m. fl. 

(1995); s: satellitsubstans; st stictinsyra; t oidentifierad triterpenoid; th: thamnolsyra; z: zeorin. 

(Mattsson 1993). Att zeorininnehillande arter 

skulle f6redra att vixa pe sten eller marken 

framgir inte i min unders6kning, diremot har 

de en benigenhet att vAxa fuktigt. I Norge 

f6redrog en av tre zeorinf6rande barklevande 

Lepraia-arter att viixa n6ra markytan, pe 

trtidbaser (Tonsberg 1992). I Finland vflxer de 

tre arter av Lepraria som uppges inneh6lla 

otnr 

5 

(D 

zeorin alla ndra marken: pa trddbaser, klippor 

eller jord (Lohtander 1994). En av arterna, L, 

lobificans, vaxer dessutom pe mossiga tradstammar. 

Ekologi. De flesta arterna trivs och utvecklas 

biist i skyddade och giirna fuktiga habitat, t. ex. 

barkskrevor, skuggsidan av stammar eller


mossklidda klippor. Ntgra arter, t. ex. L. 

neglecta, fbrekommer mer exponetat. Leprarin 

umbricola vtixer d6remot i extremt skuggiga 

habitat och kriver troligen hOg luftfuktigtrei.- 

Sldktet Lepraia f6rekommer pA ett stort 

antal substrat. Arterna uppvisar alltifrtn 

mycket sn6va till mycket vida substratval. 

Lepraria incana 6r ett vilkiint exempel p[ en 

art som hittas pe i stort sett alla substrat$per, 

t. ex. bark, mossa, sten och jord. Andra arter 

tir begriinsade till ett eller n6gra substrat, t. ex. 

L. crasslssima som endast f0rekommer pi 

lodytor av svagt basisk silikatsten. 

Arterna i Sk6ne 

l,epraria borealis Inhtander & 

Tonsberg 

BAI vit-ljusgr6- gre, rosettlik, tunn som utrg, 

senare tjock och uppsprucken, mArg forekommande 

hos tjocka bilar, mestadels 

best6ende av doda, tiitt packade korn, kant 

tydlig, ibland wagt loberad, f6rb6l saknas, 

sorediekorn enstaka-aggregerade (consoredia 

enligt Tonsberg 1992), fasta, oftast utan utskjutande 

hyfer. 

Kemi. Atranorin, rangiformsyra och 

t norrangiformsyra. K-, C-, PD-. 

Ekologi. Lepraia borealb vdxer i mossa 

och pi nakna, vertikala-horisontella ytor av 

silikatsten samt pl jord. Den v6xer ungefdr 

lika ofta i skyddade ltigen som i exponerade. 

Lepraria borealis iir en nybeskriven art i L. 

neglecta-gruppen (Lohtander 1994). Ovriga 

arter i gruppen 6r L. caesioalba (de ksd.) J. 

R. Laundon och I,. neglecta (KUmmerling m. 

fl. 1993b). I Sk&ne f6rekommer endast L. 

borealis och L. neglecta, och de viixer ofta tillsammans. 

De 6r klart separerade kemiskt, men 

tir morfologiskt lika. Bida arterna ir ofta 

m0rkgr6, men L. borealrs kan variera i hOgre 

grad mot ljusare gre efler vit med inslag av 

bHtt. Lepraia neglecta viixer i allmiinhet 

exponerat, medan L. borealrs ungefiir lika ofta 

vdxer i skyddade som i exponerade liigen. Efter 

f6rvaring i herbariet kan de skiljas genom att 

L. neglecta pl grund av innehillet av alectori- 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (1995) 

alsyra antar en rosa ton. Denna har jag observerat 

itminstone efter tre 6r, men den upptrtider 

f6rmodligen betydligt tidigare 6n s6. 

Lepraria borealis och L. jackii har likartad 

kemi, men de skiljer sig markant i morfologiskt 

avseende. Lepraia jackii har en gr6nare fdrg, 

mj6ligare och lOsare packade sorediekorn, vit 

m6rg och diffus kant. 

Unalda kollekter: Brunnby par.: Kullaberg, 

100 m W of Solviken, Lindblom L70. Riseberga 

par.: Skiiralid, 1.4 km WSW of Ap. 

108,7, Lindblom IJl; Sk6ralid, S of the 

Sktiradammen, Lindblom 8| I-40, L4L. 

Torekov par.: Hallands Viider6, ca 1700 m SE 

of Ulagapskiirret, Lindblom L71,. Veberod par.i 

Romeleklint, ca 150 m E of Ap. 175,04, Lindblom 

L15. 

l,epraria crassissima (Hue) Lettau 

BAI ljust gr6-vitgrA, stor, tjock, l6st sammanhlngande, 

rynkig, ojiimn-vigig, miirg tjock, 

vit, kant tydlig-svagt loberad, f6rb6l 916, utskjutande, 

siirskilt tydlig under yngre bilar och 

b6ldelar, sorediekorn enstaka -aggregerade, 

med korta-lAnga utskjutande hyfer. 

Kemi. korin, divaricatsyra och nordivaricatsyra. 

K-, C+ rod (nordivaricatsyra), PD-. 

Ekologi. Pl de tvi kiinda lokalerna v6xer 

arten pi mossa och direkt pi skyddade lodytor 

av n6got basisk silikatsten. Den ena lokalen iir 

i en djup ravin och den andra bestir av klippor 

vid kusten, i nordvtint liige. 

De sklnska kollekternas morfologi, kemi och 

ekologi stimmer vil Overens med beskrivningarna 

av L. crassissima (Hue) I-ettau s. str. 

i kttau (1958), Diederich (1989, s. 14S) och v. 

d. Boom m. fl. (L994). I Lrxemburg 6r arten 

vanlig pi nigot kalkhaltig sandsten (". d. 

Boom m. fl. 1994). 

Kommerling m. fl. (1991) betraktade L. 

crassrssima (Hue) Lettau som synonym med L. 

incana (L.) Ach., pi grund av nordivaricatsyras 

strukturella likhet med divaricatsyra. 

De stora morfologiska skillnaderna sammantagna 

med kemiska och ekologiska skillnader 

motiverar dock att arterna hllls skilda.

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (Lees) 

Namnet L. crasslssima har felaktigt 

anvdnts pfr ett annat taxon, som ofta f6rekommer 

pi kalkhaltiga klippor och jord i 

norra och mellersta Sverige (se t. ex. Foucard 

1990, Santesson 1993). 

Kollekter: Brunnby par.: Kullab€rg, 350-400 m 

ENE of Kullagflrden, on N-facing shaded siliceous 

rock, Lindblom L58. Riseberya par.: 

Skiiralid, 800 m SW of the Skiiradammen, on 

shaded vertical rock nearby the stream, Lindblom 

L52. 

Lepraria elobata Tgnsberg 

Bel gr6-bl5gri, tunn-medeltjock, miirg 

saknas, kant diffus, forbil saknas, sorediekorn 

sm6, enstaka -aggregerade, utan utskjutande 

hyfer. 

Kemi. Atranorin, zeorin, stictinsyrakomplex 

(stictinsytd, constictinsyra, t cryptostictinsyra, 

I oidentifierad) och i divaricatsyra 

(spir). l(+ gul, C-, PD+ gul-orange. 

Ekologi. De tvfl kollekterna iir samlade pi 

silikatsten och bark av bok i relativt skuggiga 

habitat. Denna ekologi stiimmer vtil med originalbeskrivning€o, 

dtir arten uppges vara vittspridd 

pfl sur bark och iiven f6rekomma pi 

sten (TOnsberg t992). 

Kollekten pi bark inneh6ller sp6r av divaricatsyra, 

vilket kan bero p6 kontamineringar av 

L. incana. Eftersom L. elobata och L. incana 

tir morfologiskt lika, kan det vara sv6rt att 

undvika blandprov vid preparering f6r 

HPTLC. 

Kollekter: Risebetga par.: Skiiralid, SW of the 

Sklradammen, on siliceous boulder in stone 

fence, Lindblom L47. Veberod par.: Romeleklint, 

ca 200 m E of Ap. 175,04, on Fagus in 

the forest, Lindblom LIZ. 

Lepraria incana (L.) Ach. 

Bil gr6ngr6-bl6gr6-m6rkgri eller delvis-helt 

gul, tunn-tjock, ofta uppsprucken, miirg 

saknas eller svagt utvecklad, kant diffus, forbil 

saknas, sorediekorn sm6, enstaka -aggregera- 

Lepraia i Skdne 55 

de, mestadels utan utskjutande hyfer. Tjocka 

bfllar bestir av levande sorediekorn som tbcker 

lager av iildre och doda, tiitt packade sorediekorn. 

Kemi. Zeorin, divaricatsyra, ! atranorin 

och I nordivaricatsyra (sp6r). K-, C-, PD-. 

Siillsynt f6rekommer (tillsammans med zeorin 

och divaricatsyra) wf, antrakinoner, varav den 

ena troligen 6r parietin, samt en triterpenoid. 

K+ rod, C* rod. 

Ekologi. Lepraria incana iir en mycket 

vanlig och f6roreningst6lig art med bred ekologi 

Arten viixer b6de skuggigt och ljusexponerat, 

pi bark (noterad av mig p5 alm Ulmus, 

apel Malus, ask Fraxinus, avenbok Carpinus, 

bjork Betula, bok Fagus, ek Quercus, htistkastanj 

Aesculus, japansk valn6t Juglans, 

klibbal Alnus, lind Tilia, r6nn Sorbus, en 

Iuniperus, gran Picea och tall Pinus), naken 

ved, silikatsten, mossa, jord och multnande 

viixtdelar. Den verkar inte heller ha n6gra 

speciella fuktighetskrav. 

P& fem lokaler utspridda i Sk6ne hittades helt 

eller delvis gula b6lar blandade med normalt 

bligri b6lar. De vdxte pA skuggig silikatsten 

och bark av bok, €k, en och doda kvistar av 

ljrrng Calluna. Den gula thrgen orsakas av mer 

eller mindre hoga koncentrationer av tve 

antrakinoner. Antrakinonf6rande bilar inneh6ller 

dessutom en triterpenoid. Bide sm6 och 

stora bilar visade sig ha denna kemi, vilket 

tyder pA att fenomenet Atminstone inte 6r 

ildersberoende. Man vet allts6 inte om det iir 

orsakat av miljOfaktorer eller iir genetiskt 

betingat. 

Tidigare har L. incana inneh6llande 

antrakinoner uppgetts frin Luxemburg och 

Storbritannien (Diederich L989, Giavarini 

L990, I-aundon L992, som parietin). Ingen av 

dem ndmner dock forekomst av en triterpenoid. 

I Norge och Finland har man inte funnit 

denna kemi (TOnsberg L992, Lohtander L994), 

vilket antyder att fenomenet avtar norrut. Inte 

heller detta forklarar orsaken till antrakinonoch 

triterpenoidproduktion hos l. incana. 

Produktion av antrakinoner dr inte kiint 

hos nSgon annan Lepraria-art, men i sltiktet 

Leproloma forekommer det hos en sydhemi-


stiirisk art, Leproloma sipmanianum Ktmmerling 

& kuckert (I*uckert & Kiimmerling 

1991). Den innehiller, forutom dibenzofuraner, 

ett kemosyndrom av antrakinoner, dhribland 

parietin. 

Fyra-fem procent av mina exemplar innehiller 

-f6rutom zeorin och divaricatqyra- lven 

atranorin. De skiljer sig inte morfologiskt frAn 

kollekter som saknar atranorin och f6rekommer 

b6de pA silikatsten och bark av apel, 

avenbok, klibbal och ek; skuggigt-halvOppet. 

Forekomst av atranorin har tidigare uppgetts 

av Kiimmerling m. fl. (1991, sporadiskt, sp6r), 

I-aundon (1992, ca L6 Vo av kollekterna) och 

Lohtander (1994, 50 Vo av kollekterna). 

Lepraria glaucella (Fl6rke) Ach. uppges 

som synonym av Clauzade & Roux (1935) och 

Santesson (1993). Enligt Kiimmerling m. fl. 

(1991) kan inte detta bekrdftas, di typmaterialet 

av L. glaucella troligen lr f6rst6rt. kttau 

(1958) uppgav att L. glaucella Ach. tir sv6r 

att skilja frin L. incana, men oftast har 

viisentligt tunnare och fastare bel Degelius 

(1986) betraktade L. glaucella (Fl6rke) Nyl. 

som en morfogp av L. incana. Jag har funnit 

fasta och tunna individ av L. ,incana, men 

variationen [r kontinuerlig och kemin identisk. 

Uwalda koUelder: Bara par.: Torup, 250 m E 

of the castle, Lindblom 132. Brunnby par.i 

Kullaberg, 350-400 m ENE of Kullag6rden, 

Lindblom 160 (1 antrakinoner/triterpenold). 

Dalby par.: Billebjir, S slope, 250-300 m S of 

Tygelsj6, Lindblom I.6. Lund par.: the Botanical 

garden, Lindblom L97, L98. Riseberya 

par.: Skiralid, 1.4 km WSW of Ap. 108,7, 

Lindblom I-5O (! antrakinoner/triterpenoid). 

,S. Mdlby par.: Stenshuvud, S of the parking 

area, Lindblom L23 (atranorin). Sovde par.: 

Sovdeborg, at the castle, LindblomI:-20. Torekov 

par.: Hallands Viider6, Kappelhamn, 

Lindblom I-81 (antrakinoner/triterpenoid); 

Hallands Viidero, S6ndre skog, 100 m SE of 

Oadammen, Lindblom L72 (atranorin). Orkened 

par.: Nytebodaskogen, 100 m S of L-ommagylet, 

Lindblom L89. 

Lepraria j ackii Tonsberg 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (1ee5) 

Bal bHgr6n-gr6n, mj6ligt sm6kornig, tunn, 

miirg saknas eller vit, kant diffus, f6rb6l 

saknas, sorediekorn utan eller med korta utskjutande 

hyfer, som enligt Tonsberg (1992) 

inte blir liingre 6n 10 prm. 

Kemi. Atranorin, rangiformsyra och 

t roccellsyra. l(+ gul, C-, PD-. 

Elcologi. Arten hittades endast p[ en lokal. 

Den viixte diir pi d6da vtixtdelar pt marken 

samt L-L,5 m ovan markytan pe bark av en 

ganska gammal hassel i halvdppet ltige. I originalbeskrivningen 

uppges arten vixa vid eller 

nira stambaser, vanligen pA gran, men 6ven p6 

ett flertal andra substrat. Kollekten pe hassel 

vixte tillsammans med L. rigidula, vilket bven 

har observerats pi en lokal i Norge (TOnsberg 

Leez). 

Kollekter: Veberod par.: Romeleklint, ca 300 m 

E of Ap. L75,04 by a parking spot, on rather 

old Corylus avellana, Lindblom L10a. Godelov 

par.: Romeleklint, Ap. L15,04, on detritus in 

the north slope, Lindblom L16. 

l,epraria lobificans Nyl. 

Bal ljust gulgr0n-grigr6n, ofta mintgr6n, 

liten-stor, tunn-tjock, mdrg vit, kant tydligwagt 

loberad, f6rb6l saknas, sorediekorn lost 

aggregerade, mer eller mindre inbiiddade i 

m6rghyfer. Ger i allmiinhet ett fluffigt intryck, 

och vilutvecklade individ kan identifieras i felt. 

Kemi. Atranorin, zeorin, stictinsyrakomplex 

(stictinsyra, constictinsyra, ! cryptostictinsyra, 

i oidentifierad) och I divaricatsyra 

(spir). l(+ gul, C-, PD+ gul-orange. 

Ekologi. Arten 6r vanlig och spridd i 

Skine. Den v6xer pA bark av alm, ask, bok, ek, 

lind, lonn Acer, r6nn Sorbus, vide Salix, d6da 

kvistar och r6tter av kr6kbbr Empetrurn, mossig 

bark och sten, cement och naken sten, b6de 

sur och ntgot kalkhaltig. I frAga om bark 

verkar den foredra att vixa pA lovtrdd. 

Lepraria lobiftcans 6r relativt fororeningsttlig, 

och jag har t. ex. samlat den i utkanten av 

Lund. Bilen blir mest vilutvecklad och typisk i 

fuktiga, skuggiga miljoer. Den vdxer dessutom

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (rees) 

inte siillan mer ljusexponerat och iir dA griare 

och tunnare. I Norge 6r arten mindre vanlig, 

och friimst kustbunden (TOnsberg L992), 

medan den i Finland iir mycket Vanlig, siirskilt 

i de s6dra delarna (Inhtander 1994). 

Lepraria lobificans tir morfologiskt variabel, 

och p[ sten och sliit bark kan den vara tatt 

tryckt till underlaget och tiicka stora ytor med 

mycket smA bilar. De minsta av dessa bestir 

endast av f6 sorediekorn, men den vita miirgen 

kan oftast redan di iakttas. 

PA fyra av de totalt 14 lokalerna har jag 

samlat exemplar som inneh8ller sp6r av divaricatsyra. 

Nigon ging har jag funnit individ 

med och utan divaricatsyra pi samma lokal. 

I-aundon (L992) har noterat divaricatsyra i 

enstaka fall. Kiimmerling m. fl. (1993a) uppgav 

divaricatsyra som mycket stillsynt f6rekommande, 

och formodade att det kan r6ra sig om 

kontamineringar av L. incana. I fallet med de 

sk6nska kollekterna 6r detta inte troligt, eftersom 

divaricatsyra forekommer mer iin i 

enstaka fall och L. incana dessutom ser ut att 

saknas i kollekterna. Lepraia incana och L. 

lobiftcans 6r morfologiskt olika, ocks6 vad 

giiller enstaka sorediekorn, och det bor vara 

mojligt att urskilja kontamineringar redan vid 

prepareringen. 

Outvecklade exemplar av Lepraria lobificans 

kan vara mycket lika Leproloma vouauxii 

(Hue) J. R. Laundon. Denna art tir vit-gronvit 

med en gul ton, reagerur K-, C-, PD- eller 

PD+ rfiorange (laundon 1989) och innehiller 

pannarsyra-6-methylester (Leuckert & 

Kiimmerling 1989), en oidentifierad substans 

(troligen en dibenzofuran) och pannarsyra. 

Kanten 6r otydligt eller tydligt loberad. For att 

skilja dessa arter krdvs i vissa fall kemiska 

analyser. 

Leproloma vouauxii dr ganska vanlig i 

varierande milj6er och pi olika barktyper i 

Skine. Jag har samlat den pi en mur i centrala 

Lund. I loviingar i Blekinge och nordostra 

Skine tfricker L. vouauxii stora sammanhingande 

ytor, och kan helt dominera trtidens 

epifftflora (Arup & Ekman muntl). Leproloma 

vouauxii och L. lobificarzs verkar ha likartade 

ekologiska krav. I Norge hittas L. vouauxii 


huvudsakligen pfl mossig, skuggig, kalkhaltig 

sten under Overhiing eller trad i anslutning till 

dessa (TOnsberg 1992). 

Lepraria elobata och L. lobiftcans har 

sarnma kemi, men skiljer sig morfologiskt och 

ekologiskt. Lepraria elobatu Ar morfologiskt lik 

L. incana, och beskrevs inte f6rrdn 1992 

(TOnsberg L992). I min ursprungliga undersokning 

1990 skilde jag inte pe L. elobata och 

L. lobifuans, 

Uwalda kollelder: Bara par.: Torup, cd 350 m 

NE of the castle, Lindblom L34, L35. Brunnby 

par.: Kullab€rg, Kiiringmalen, ca 450 m ENE 

of Kullagirden, Lindblom 1.5,4. DolW par.i 

Dalby S6derskog, ca 2 km NW of the church, 

Lindblom L2. Lund par.: NE of Lund, 

Brunnsh6g, by a gravel road, Lindblom L405. 

Riseberga par.: Skiiralid, SW of Skdradammen, 

LindblomLA6. S. Mellby par.: Stenshuvud, 600 

m SSW of Ap. 96,9, Lindblom L28. Torekov 

par.: Hallands V5der6, S6ndre skog, ca 50 m 

N of Hagen, Lindblom I-83. Veberdd par.i 

Romeleklint, ca 200 m E of Ap. L75,04, Lindblom 

LLL. Orkened par.: Nytebodaskogen, L00 

m S of Lnmmagylet, Lindblom L90. Oved par.i 

the W side of Borstbiicken, 750-1500 m SW 

of Ap. 1.00,08, Lindblom I-88. 

Lepraria neglecta (Nyl.) Irttau 

Bil ljusgri-askgre, vanligen m6rk gre, rosettlik, 

tunn som uog, senare tjock, uppsprucken, 

miirg fOrekommande hos tjocka bilar, mestadels 

bestiende av d6da, tatt packade korn, 

kant tydlig, ibland svagt loberad, forb6l saknas, 

sorediekorn enstaka-aggregerade, fasta, utan 

eller med korta utskjutande hyfer (siirskilt 

tydligt i bilkanten). Bilen antar en rosa ton 

efter en tids lagring i herbariet. 

Kemi. Alectorialsyra med satelliter, 

angardiansyra och ! atranorin (spAr). K-, C+ 

rosa-rOd, PD+ gul. (K* gul enligt Ktmmerling 

m. fl. 1993b). Reaktionen med C kan vara 

svag och/eller flticlrvis. PD-reaktionen Zir 

enklare att pivisa. Bland alectorialsyrans 

satelliter finns 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methylphtalid 

(Ktimmerling m. fl. I993b). Enligt dem iir 

fettsyran i L. neglecta angardiansyra, inte som


tidigare angetts roccellsyra. Dessa tve 

substanser har i stort sett identiska Rf-vdrden 

i HPTLC. 

Ekologi, Leprarin neglecta viixer i mossa 

och pi nakna, vertikala-horisontella, ytor av 

silikatsten. Arten vixer alltid i exponerade 

l6gen. Ocksi i Finland iir den exklusivt stenlevande 

(lnhtander 1994), medan den i Norge 

dessutom hittats pi Betula nana och Sa/u sp. 

(Tonsberg 192). 

Nigra fA exemplar innehdll atranorin, och de 

f6rekommer tillsammans med sidana som 

saknar atranorin. K0mmerling m. fl. (1993b) 

tolkade spir av atranorin i sitt material som 

troliga kontamineringar. Jag tror att atranorininnehillet 

kan bero pi kontamineringar av 

L. borealis, som ofta vdxer blandat med L. 

neglecta. 

Uwalda kollekter: Dalby par.: Billebjtir, S 

slope, 250-300 m S of Tygelsj6, Lindblom L3, 

L4,I'5. S. Mellby par.: Stenshuvud, 600 m SSE 

of Ap. 96,9, Lindblom L29. Torekov par.i 

Hallands Vtidero, E-facing siliceous rock W 

of Kappelhamnskirret, Arup & Ekman L1L94. 

Veberdd par.: Romeleklint, ca 150 m E of Ap. 

t75,04, Lindblom LL4. 

Lepraria rigidula (de Irsd.) Tonsberg 

BAI ljust gri-grflvit, tjock, mdrg saknas, kant 

diffus, f6rbil saknas, sorediekorn l6st packade, 

grova, aggregerade, med l6nga utskjutande 

hyfer. De utskjutande hyferna ger bilen ett 

luddigt intryck och blir enligt TOnsberg (I99?) 

upp till 1001zm l6nga. 

Kemi. Atranorin och en fettsyra (rigidula 

unknown enligt Tgnsberg 1992). K-, C-, 

PD-. 

Ekologi. Funnen pA tre lokaler pi bark av 

dod och gammal hassel, garnmal bok och lodyta 

av silikatsten i halvoppna l6gen. Pe bark 

bildade den iOgonfallande b6lar cirka 1,5 m 

ovan markytan. Enligt Tonsberg (1992) viixer 

arten i Norge vanligen pa lovtr6d och mycket 

siillsynt pi sten. Lohtander (1994) ddremot 

uppger att den i Finland vanligen vttrer pA 

mossiga klippor och endast siillsynt p6 bark. 

GRAPHIS SCzuPTA 7 (lees) 

Fettsyran i L. igidula beniimndes rigidula 

unknown av Tonsberg (1992). Troligen iir 

detta samma iimne som Ktimmerling m. fl. 

(1995) identifierade som nephrosteransyra. 

I-aundon (1992) ans8g att L. rigidula var 

en kemisk ras av och ddrmed synonym till 

Leproloma cacuminum (Massal.) J. R. Laundon. 

Leproloma cacuminum innehiller atranorin, 

por$rilsyra och roccellsyt&, medan 

Lepraia rigidula innehiller atranorin och en 

oidentifierad fettsyra och saknar dibenzofuranen 

porfyrilsyra. Enligt Tonsberg (1992) och 

lohtander (1994) skiljer de sig morfologiskt, 

frlmst genom att L. rigidula har karakteristiska 

l6nga utskjutande hyfer fr6n sorediekornen. 

Kollekter: Veberdd par.: Romeleklint, ca 300 m 

E of Ap. L75,04 by a parking spot, Lindblom 

L10b; Romeleklint, ca 200 m E of Ap. L75,04, 

W of the parking area, Lindblom L400. S. 

Mellby par.: Stenshuvud, 250 m ESE of Ap. 

96,9, Lindblom L26. Genarp par., SW of lake 

Hiickebergasjon, ?00 m SW of Skoggird, on 

old Fagus just SW of the bridge, Lindblom 

IAO3. 

Lepraria umbricola Tonsberg 

Bal grigron-matt gr6n, ojiimnt tjock, miirg 

saknas eller f6rekommer stillsynt, vit, kant diffus, 

forbil saknas, sorediekorn sm6, l6st packade, 

vilket ger ett fiailigt intryck. 

Kemi. Thamnolsyra. K-, C-, PD+ orange. 

Thamnolsyra reagercr K+ kraftigt gul. Denna 

reaktion har jag inte observerat pi det sk6nska 

materialet, kanske beroende pi att den doljs av 

b6lens grona fiirg. 

Ekologi. Jag har funnit L. umbricola i 

fuktiga och sku ggiga habitat; dels pi bark vid 

basen av gran och dels n6ra markytan pi en 

lodyta av silikatsten. I originalbeskrivningen 

uppges att arten vdxer skuggigt i hilrum och 

skrevor n6ra triidbaser i kustntira habitat 

(TOnsberg 1992), men varken i Norge eller i 

Storbritannien har den hittats pi de substrat 

som jag har samlat den p6.

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (199s) 

Kollekter: Brunnby par.: Kullab€rg, 350-400 m 

ENE of Kullagirden, on N-facing shaded siliceous 

rock, Lindblom IJ9. Orkened par.i 

Nytebodaskogen, 25 m S of lommagylet, or 

base of. Picea, Lindblom L92. 

Tack 

Jag vill rikta ett stort tack till Ulf Arup och 

Stefan Ekman, som foreslog uppgiften, 

fungerade som goda handledare under arbetets 

gAng och som ofortr6ttligt har uppmuntrat och 

hjalpt mig sedan dess. Jan-Eric Mattsson 

tackas for praktisk hjalp att p6borja HPTLC 

och for mflnga kemotaronomiska diskussioner. 

Tor Tonsberg giorde mig bekant med n6gra 

arter under NLFs exkursion i Nord-TrOndelag 

L993. Patrik Fr6ddn och I-ars Fr6berg bidrog 

till f6rbiittringar av nyckeln. Inryar Kdrnefelt, 

Einar Timdal och Tor Tgnsberg tackas f6r 

synpunkter pi manuskriptet. Lunds Botaniska 

F6rening bidrog ekonomiskt till genomforandet 

av examensarbetet. 

Referenser 

Acharius, E. 1803: Methodus lichenum. 

Stockholm. 

Almborr, O. 1952: A key to the sterile corticolous 

crustaceous lichens occurring in 

south Sweden. Bot. Notiser 1952: 239-263. 

Arup, U. & Ekman, S. L99L: I-avfloran pi 

Hallands Viidero. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 85: 

263-308. 

Arup, U. & Ekman, S. L992: Nyheter i s6dra 

Sveriges lavflora. Graphis Scripta 4: 81- 

86. 

Arup, U., Ekman, S., Lindbloffi, L. & Mattsson, 

J.-E. 1993: High performance thin 

layer chromatography (HPTLC), an 

improved technique for screening lichen 

substances. Zichenologist 25 : 61,-7 L. 

Boom, P. van den, Brand, M., Diederich, P., 

Aptroot, A. & S6rusiau:r, E. 1994:. Report 

of a lichenological field meeting in 

Luembourg. Bull. Soc. Naturalistes 

Luxemb. 95: 145-176. 

Botnen, A. & @vstedal, D. O. 1989: Muscicolous 

Lepraria species and other 


leprarioid lichens in the Antarctic. Polar 

Re.t. 6: 129-L33. 

Clauzade, G. & Roux, C. L985: Likenoj de 

okcidenta Europo. Bull. Soc. Bot. 

Centre-Ouest Nouv. Sirie-N. Spic. 7: 1- 

893. 

Degelius, G. 1986: The lichen flora of the 

island of Anholt, Denmark. Acta Regiae 

Soc. Sci. Litt. Gothob., Bot.3; L-60. 

Diederich, P. 1989: ks lichens epiphytiques et 

leurs champignons lichenicoles (macrolichens 

exceptes) du Lru


laundoo, J. R. 1974: I-eproplaca in the British 

Isles. Lichenologist 6: 102-1.05. 

I-aundor, J. R. 1981: The species of Chrysothrix. 

Lichenologbt /3; 101-LZL. 

Laundon, J. R. L989: The species of I-eproloma 

- the name for the Lepraria membranacea 

group. Lichenologist 21: I-22. 

I-aundon, J. R. 1992: I-epraria in the British 

Isles. Lichenologist 24: 3L5-350. 

kttau, G. 1958: Flechten aus Mitteleuropa 

)oV. Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Vtg. 

61: L05-17'1,. 

Leuckert, C. & Kiimmethg, H. 1989: 

Chemische Flechtenanalysen V. Pannarsiure-6-methylester 

in einer Art der 

Gattung I-epraria und in kprocaulon 

tenellum. Henogia 6: I4L-147. 

Leuckert, C. & Kiimmerhg, H. L99L: 

Chemota:ronomische Studien in der Gattung 

kproloma Nyl. ex Crombie 

(Lichenes). Nova Hedwigia 52: L7-32. 

Lindbloh, L. 1990: Sl

Cladonia incrassata new to Nonuay, and the problem of C. anitae in 

Europe 

TORTONSBERG 

Tgnsberg, T. L9Fr5: Cladonia incrassata new to Norway, and the problem of 

C. anitae in furope. Graphis Scripta 7: 6l-65. Stockholm. ISSN W0L-7593. 

Cladonia incrassata is reported as new to Nonvay from @stfold, Hvaler. The 

morphological variation is described. The identity of some old herbarium 

specimens from Germany, having a chemistry typical fot Cladoni"a anitae, is 

discussed. Absconditella delutula is new to Nonvay. 

Tor Tpnsberg, Botanical Institute, University of Beryen, Alligaten 41, N-5007 

Bergen, Norway. 

Cladonia incrassata was recently found in 

Nonray. This find prompted an examination of 

old, European herbarium material filed under 

the name C. incrassata. Some of these specimens 

showed affinities with C. anita€, z species 

previously regarded as endemic to North 

America. A treatment of these two tiu€ is 

given since C. incrassata is new to Nonvay and 

C. anitae has previously not been considered 

as present in Europe. Briefly discussed is 

Absconditella deluula, oo associate in Norwegian 

material of C. incrassata, and new to 

Norway, as well. 

Material and methods 

This study is based on specimens recently 

collected by the author, on all the herbarium 

material filed as Cladonia incrassata in BG 

and O, and on four specimens of Cladonia 

anitae from North America borrowed from 

DUKE, H, and UPS. AU specimens were 

subjected to thin-layer chromatography 

according to the method of Culberson & Kristinsson 

(L970) and later modifications (except 

for some herbarium specimens which had been 

analyzed by TLC prior to the present investigation). 

Cladonia incrassata Florke 

Cladonia incrassata belongs to section Cocciferae 

and has more or less sorediate basal 

squamules, short podetia, red apothecia, brown 

pycnidia on the basal squamules, and it usually 

contains usnic, didymic, and squamatic acids as 

major substances (see e.g. Thomson L967, 

Huovinen et al. L989, Purvis & James 1992, 

Stenroos L994). The Nonvegian specimens 

were very variable. Some specimens consisted 

entirely of basal squamules in thick cushions. 

In one such form (e.g. TT 2350L) the 

squamules were more or less dissolved into a 

mass of soredia and of partly corticated, variously 

sized, squamule fragments; the surface of 

the cushions was partly green, partly brownish. 

In another form (e.g. TT 23502a) the 

squamules were deeply divided into narrow, 

fragile segments, with greenish soredia aggregated 

especially on the underside towards the 

tips; the overall colour was green. In specimens 

with podetia the basal squamules were 

mostly solitary (only locally tending to form 

cushions) and less divided, ascending towards 

the tips, or parallel to the substratum surface; 

the upper side was greyish green to greyish 

brown, with a yellowish tinge; soredia were

62 Tor Tqnsbery GRAPHTS SCRIPTA 7 (r99s) 

Figure l. Cladonia incrassata. A: Simple podetium with an apical apotheciunr, and esorediate 

basal squamules (Ionsberg 23496). B: Branched podetium with terminal apothecial initials 

(Ionsberg 23499). Bars L mm. 

present or absent, produced from the under 

side. 

Pycnidia were born laminally on the basal 

squamules. They were very sparse and not 

regularly produced, sessile to stipitate, up to 

0.3 mm including the stipe, constricted at base 

(as depicted by Stenroos 1994: 539), with 

brownish black to black surface, widely open 

upon maturity, sometimes with the wall bent 

bachvards and split into 2-3 vglves forming 

structures with ma:rimum diameter up to 0.4 

mm. Conidia rod-shaped, slightly bent, c. 5 x 

r pm. 

Podetia were yellowish, up to 4 (-LZ) mm 

tall, with a brownish tinge here and there; 

surface even at first, later the cortex often 

formed loosely to frmly attached, flat plates; 

apothecia (hymenia) brown or red. 

The podetia varied greatly between some 

of the populations and some extremes were 

discernable with respect to podetial form and 

branching, and colour of the apothecia. In one 

(e.g. TT 23496, Figure 1A) the podetia were 

unbranched and gradually flaring from the 

base, up to 1.5 mm wide in the upper part, 

with one or a few apical apothecia, sometimes 

with a few subterminal, heavily sorediate 

squamules giving the impression of the podetia 

being sorediate; apothecia were red, often 

well-developed, up to L.0 (-1.5) mm in diameter. 

In another extreme (represented e.g. by 

Tl 23495,23499, Figure 18), the podetia were 

0.5 to 0.7 mm wide, rylindrical, or becoming 

slightly wider or, more rarely, narrower 

towards the tips, more or less branched; 

decorticate parts brown; tips more or less

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (re95) 

blunt, with apothecium initials sessile to 

shortly stipitate along the edge or grouped 

terminally on 2-3 short stipes raising from the 

podetial tip. Apothecial initials were brown 

with a greyish pruina or, more rarely, red. 

Well-developed apothecia were absent. The 

specimens with the largest podetia (TT 23499), 

were of the type with brown apothecial initials 

on distinctly branched podetia. 

Cladonia incrassata was found in the 

archipelago of Hvaler, @stfold, southeast 

Nonray, tt about 59" northern latitude. It 

occurred on the southernmost tip of the island 

Kjerkoy, in a small marsh, about 400 m from 

the sea and at an altitude of 10-20 m. The 

marsh was surrounded by low hillocks up to 

33 m altitude. The area was forested mainly by 

Pinus sylvestris mixed with Betula pubescens, 

and Picea abies. The pine trees commonly had 

Chrysothrix tlavovirens Tonsberg; that species 

has here the largest known populations in 

Norway. 

Two shallow peat-cuttings, one small, and 

one larger, a few hundred meters in diameter, 

have been d.rg in the marsh. These cuttings 

supported a strong growth of Calluna vulgaris 

as well as small trees (to about 4 m tall) of 

Betula pubescens and Pinus sylvestris. Parts of 

the cuttings were more or less naked peat. 

Cladonia incrassata occurred in the peatcuttings, 

abundantly and well-developed in the 

larger cutting, sparsely and without podetia in 

the other. In both cuttings cushions of basal 

squamules occurred on vertical, somewhat 

shaded surfaces constituting the walls of the 

cuttings; in the larger cutting well-developed 

colonies rich in podetia inhabited decayed 

wood of stumps (probably of pine) and naked 

surfaces of peat raising from the bottom of the 

cuttings. Some colonies, including those on 

wood, were several decimetres in diameter. 

The Cladonia incrassata specimens formed 

rather pure colonies. On wood, closely associated 

lichen species included e.g. Absconditella 

delutula (see Appendx), Cladonia crispata, C. 

digitata, C. floerkeana, C. glauca, and C. 

macilenta. Hypocenomyce scalai; and Micarea 

lignaria occurred on wood elsewhere in the 

largest of the cuttings, oo the dry upper parts 

Cladonia incrassata in Norway 63 

of stumps, and on stump fragments on the peat 

floor, respectively. The fungus Chaenothecopsis 

pusilla was lichenicolous on one of the 

Cladonia incras s ata specimens. 

In the future, the Cladonia incrassata 

colonies in this locality will most probably tend 

to become outcompeted by Calluna, and probably 

also outshadowed by the trees in and 

outside the cuttings. Conservation work should 

therefore include new peat cutting to expose 

more naked peat for Cladonia incrassata to 

colonize, and the removing of trees in and just 

outside the cuttings to let more light into them. 

Cladonia incrassata is a southern species 

in Scandinavia (Almborn 1948) where it previously 

was known from Sweden as far north 

as Viirmland and Niirke (Santesson 1.993) and 

Denmark (Alstrup & SOchting 1989). It is also 

known from southern Finland (Kuusinen et al. 

1989). In Europe its range extends as far south 

as Spain and northern Italy (Doll 1993, Nimis 

1993). Outside Europe it occurs in eastern 

North America and Japan (Culberson et al. 

L982, Thomson 1967). 

Norwegian specimens acamined (BG tf not 

otherwise stated): Qstfold.' Hvaler, KjerkOy, 

between village Skjrerhallen and peninsula 

Sjursholmen, 1995, Tonsberg 23495, 23496, 

23497, 23498, 23499, 23500 (BG, O), 2350L, 

23502a, 23503, 23504, 23624, 23625, 23629. 

Cladonia anitae'W. Culb. & C. Culb. 

Cladonia anitae was described by Culberson et 

al. (1982) based on material from North Carolina, 

southeastern u.S.A. It is closely related to 

C. incrassata, but differs in never producing 

soredia abundantly on the basal squamules and 

only very rarely on the podetia, and in having 

podetia which are frequently more than 5 mm 

tall and slightly branched (usually once or 

twice) in upper part. Thick, dominant cushions 

of basal squamules without podetia are apparently 

not formed. 

Chemicaily, C. anitae is distinct in producing 

the depsidone grayanic acid in addition 

to usnic and squamatic acids as major substances. 

It is the only known red-fruited spe-

64 Tor Tqnsberg 

Figure 2. Cladonia aff. anitae. 

Part of laurer s. n. Bar 5 mm. 

cies of Cladonia producing that depsidone 

(Culberson et al. 1982, Huovinen et al. 1989). 

The chemical screening of European herbarium 

specimens filed as Cladonia incrassata 

yielded 5 specimens (from 3 localitites) with a 

chemistry typical of C. anitae. These specimens, 

which were all from northern Germany 

(see below), were morphologically rather variable. 

The Sandstede specimens . resembled C. 

incrassata morphologically; the podetia were 

short and mostly partly distinctly sorediate. 

Parts of the laurer specimen (Figure 2) 

resembled C. anitae. The podetia were welldeveloped, 

up to LZ mm tall and 3 (4) mm 

broad, branched in upper part, and esorediate 

or, more rarely, sparingly sorediate. Parts of 

this particular specimen had the most welldeveloped 

podetia in the European material of 

the C. incrassalc complex studied by me. 

Cladonia anitae is known from North 

Carolina where it is a species of sandy soil on 

the coastal plain (Culberson et al. 1982), and 

from Florida (Harris 1990). In North Carolina, 

C. anitae usually occurs in what is called 

savannahs, i.e. open areas with a high water 

table in the ground, and with vegetation domi- 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (199s) 

nated by grass and scattered pines. Harris gives 

no information of substratum ecology, but one 

Florida specimen (H) collected by him is lignicolous. 

Biogeographically it seems strange that a 

species with a markedly southeastern distribution 

in North America ranging no further 

north than about 35o northern latitude should 

have some isolated sites in Europe at about 

53-54"N. There are only a few species of Cladonia 

common to the coastal lowlands of 

southeast North America and Europe, examples 

include Cladonia chlorophaea, C. grayi, C. 

pezizoides, and C. rangifeina, but these are 

more or less widely distributed from south to 

north in Europe and North America. 

Whether the European specimens of the 

C. incrassatalC. anitae complex with grayanic 

acid should be assigned to C. anitae or treated 

as a chemotype of C. incrassata, needs further 

study. Grayanic acid containing specimens of 

this complex from other parts of Europe may 

come to light when material from herbaria 

other than those consulted here have been 

studied. For the time being I refer to the

GRAPHIS SCRTPTA 7 (r99s) 

European material with grayanic acid as Cladonin 

aff. anitae. 

Specimens examined: Cladonia aff. anitae: 

Germany. Niedersachsen: Richtmoor, (6 km 

NW of; Oldenburgr June L920, Sandstede 

(Sandstede, Cladonia exs. 620 (BG, O)); Kaihausermoor 

(close to Bad Zwischenahn,) 

Oldenburg, October L9L7, Sandstede 

(Sandstede, Cladonia exs. 140 (BG, O)). 

Rostock; Greifswald, L828, I-aurer (O). 

Cladonia anitae: U.SA.. Florida: Liberty 

Co., Apalachicola National Forest, Taxodiam 

swamp along Fla. Hwy. 65, c. 9.7 miles S of 

Hosford, L990, Harris 2ffi83 (H). Nonh Carolina: 

Onslow Co., inter Folkstone et Holly 

Ridge, Culberson 18539 & Culberson (VEzM, 

Lich sel. exs. 1854 (H, UPS)); Brunsrick Co., 

2.0 miles S of Grissettown, 198L, Culberson 

L8572A & Culberson (DUKE). 

Absconditella delutula (Nyl.) Coppins 

& H. Kilias. 

In Scandinavia this species was previously 

known only from one locality in S6dermanland 

in southern Sweden (Santesson 1993). The 

Nonvegian specimen was collected on wood 

(probably of Pinus) in a peat cutting. Cladonia 

incrassata was an associate. AbsconditeUa 

deluula is here reported as new to Nonvay. 

Specimen examined: Norway. Qstfold.' Hvaler, 

KjerkOy, between village Skjrerhallen and 

peninsula Sjursholmen, L995, Tonsbery 23494 

(BG). 

Acknowledgements 

I thank the curators of DUKE, H, and UPS 

for loan of specimens. I also thank Teuvo 

Ahti, Helsinki, William Iouis Culberson, 

Durham, and Per Magnus Jorgensen, Berg€D, 

for discussions, I-eif Tibell, Uppsala, for help 

with the identification of Chaenothecopsis 

pusilla, Volkmar Wirth, Stuttgart, for geographical 

information of the Sandstede localities, 

and Jan Berge, Bergen, for technical 

assistance. 

References 

Cladonia inuassata in Norway 65 

Almborr, O. 1948: Distribution and ecology of 

some south Scandinavian lichens. Bot. Not. 

Suppl. 1(2): L-254. 

Alstrup, V.& SOchting, LJ. 1989: Checkliste og 

status over Danmarl

Book review 

Eesti suursamblikud 

Trass, H. & Randlane, T. L995: Eesti 

suursamblilcud. (Macrolichens of Estonia). 

Grerf, Tartu. 39 pp., 96 tables. In Estonian, 

with summary in English (p. 385). Price 

USD 20 (hardcover) or USD L6 (softcover), 

incl. postage inside Europe. Available from Dr. 

Tiina Randlane, e-mail 'tiina@dbio.ut.ee' or 

by letter, Institute of Botany and Ecology, 

Tartu University, L,ai 38, EF-?4C/c^ Tartu, 

Estonia. 

The present book is a macrolichen flora of 

Estonia. It is authored by thirteen lichenologists 

- y€S, it is true that there are so many 

(and even more) lichenologists in the country! 

The editors, Hans Trass and Tiina Randlane, 

are internationally known scientists who have 

brought this long-term project to the end, 

though the publication of the book had to wait 

for many years to appear over the vicissitudes 

of establishing the new independence that 

Estonia recently gained. However, in the 

meantime the manuscript was also much 

improved. L95 lichen species are illustrated by 

black-and-white drawings made by Triin 

Aimla. 

As many as 382 species are treated under 

the heading of macrolichens, but only 332 of 

them are actually reported from Estonia, and 

among them 42 are classified as extinct, not 

having been recorded after 1950. All these 

species are also known from the Nordic countries. 

The historical introduction lists the most 

important earlier treatments of the lichen flora 

of Estonia, such as the flora by Bruttan (1870), 

checklist by Mereschkowsky (1913), macrolichen 

flora by R6sdnen (1931) - its second 

volume was never completed, the keys to 

macrolichens by Hilja Lippmaa (L937), and the 

catalogue of Estonian lichens in Trass (1970). 

The necessary keys and descriptions cover 

most of the book. The nomenclature essentially 

follows Santesson's (1993) checklist of 

Scandinavian lichens (including the typo- 

graphical error 'Dibaes' instead of Dibaeisl), 

with some later novelties, like Melanelia hepatizon 

and M. commixta, previously usually 

included in Cetraia. No really nomenclaturally 

new tara or combinations are introduced. It is 

also noteworthy that no obvious environmental 

modifications are recognized as formae and 

varieties, unlike in some of the earlier papers 

by the authors. However, some ta:ronomically 

deviating treatments are presented. For 

instance, Anaptychia mamillata, Cetrelia cetraioides, 

Cladonia nigipes, Cladina tenuis, 

and Melanelia glabratula are recognized as 

distinct species. Each generic entry is provided 

with some relevant references to recent literature. 

For each species the major secondary 

compounds are given, in some cases (e.g. Cladonia 

merochlorophaea) based on original 

analyses, but probably no new chemical 

reports are given (the report of atranorin in 

Cladonia polycarpoides must be based on misunderstanding). 

The total distribution, habitat 

ecology and Estonian distribution are indicated 

briefly. No provincial distribution in Estonia is 

given but in case of rare species localities and 

collectors are listed. The drawings are schematic 

but usually give the essential habit of the 

lichen. 

In general, the book is produced in an 

excellent way, reaching a good standard and 

being up-to-date in many ways. Some treatments, 

like those of Bryoia and Usnea, could 

be criticized for including doubtful species, but 

these genera are in need of more ta,xonomic 

work in Europe, so that a good treatment is 

now impossible. The authors deserve congratulations 

for an excellent job. 

This national lichen flora belongs to the 

shelf of every Nordic lichenologist, not only 

Finnish, who can easily read the language, but 

also others, since much of the text is understandable, 

giving information on the occurrence 

of the tara east of the Baltic and other 

useful data. 

Teuvo Ahti

Notes on the lichens of the Pechoro-Ilych Zapovednik, 

Komi Republic, Russia 

JANOLOF HERMANSSON and DOMINIKA KUDRYATSEVA 

Hermansson, J. & Kudryatseva, D. L995: Notes on the lichens of the 

Pechoro-Ilych T.apovednik, Komi Republic, Russia. Graphis Scripta 7: 67 -78 

Stockhohn. ISSN 0%1,-7593. 

The first list of macrolichens and Caliciales s. lat. from the Pechoro-Ilych 

hpvednik reserve (Russia) is presented, based on field-work in the period 

1990-1995. The list includes 208 macrolichens and 47 Caliciales s. lat. The 

large reserve borders the Ural mountains, and includes parts of the last great 

natural forest of Europe. The following species are new to Russia: Ramalina 

sinensis, Chaenotheca subroscida, Chaenothecopsis vainioana, Pannaria confusa, 

and Phaeocalicium praecedens; the following species are new to the 

European part of Russia: Bryoia smithii, Calicium paryum, Collema subflaccidum, 

Leptogium teretiusculum and Microcalicium ahlnei. Forty-six species 

are new to the northeastern part of the European Russia, and 32 species new 

to the Komi Republik. 

Janolof Hermansson, Ludvika Municipalily, Unit fo, Physical Planning, 

5-771 82 Ludvika, Sweden. 

Dominika lfudryatseva, Pechoro-Ilych Zapovednih Troitsko-Pechorski 

Region, 169 437 Yalcsha, Komi Republic, Russia. 

In the eastern part of the European part of 

Russia, bordering the Ural mountains, lies the 

last large continuous forest landscape in 

Europe. Here is the Pechoro-Ilych Tapoveddk, 

a Biospherical State Reserve, situated in 

the Komi Republic between the Ural mountains 

and the rivers Pechoro and Ilych. The 

Pechoro-Ilych hpovednik lies between 62" 

and 63'N and between 57o and 60"8. The total 

area is 72I 3OO ha, of which 624 6W ha is 

forest. The reserve was formed 1930. The area 

consists of four separate landscape types: Plain 

with pine forest with wet spruce forest corridors, 

deciduous forests, mountain spruce 

forest, and mountains. Most of the pine forest 

is located in the lowland western part of 

Pechoro-Ilych hpovednik, on sandy sediments. 

The mountain spruce forest includes a 

25 km pre-mountain zone east of the river 

Big-Shizim and village Shizim. 

The knowledge of the lichen flora covers 

only fragments of the Reserve area. The present 

species list comprises fruticose and foliose 

species (macrolichens) and Caliciales s. lat. 

This is the most extensive list published from 

the Pechoro-Ilych hpovednik so far. A complete 

species list of lichens, including crustose 

species, needs more extensive investigations, 

however. This list is nearly complete for the 

forest regions, but species are missing from the 

subalpine and alpine regions. 

One part of the inventory of lichens was 

done by Janolof Hermansson, at various periods 

in L992-L995. The main research was 

done near Yaksha (plain) but the research also 

includes investigations near Ust'-Ljaga and

68 Janolof Hermansson and Dominika lfudryatseva 

Shaytanovka (pre-montane). The inventory is 

a result of a project for measuring the distribution 

and diversity of some lichens and 

wood-inhabiting fungi in natural forest landscape 

compared with the management forest 

landscape in Sweden. 

From 1990 to 1992 Dominika Kudryavtseva 

studied and collected lichens from 

Pechoro-Ilych hpovednik. The inventory 

comprised the Yaksha area (plain), upstream 

from the mouth of the rivers Big Shaytanovka, 

Big Shizim, Lugovaia, and the belt of forest 

near the river Pechoro between the small 

rivers Elma and Kedzovka (pre-mountain). In 

the mountain region inventories were made in 

the plateau of Yany-Pupu-njor, Koip and 

Bearstone Hill. 

In 1994 and 1995 the botanist A. A. 

Kustysheva sampled lichens during the expedition 

near Shaytanovka and Yaksha. The 

samples are determinated and presented to the 

herbarium in Syktyvkar, Russia (SYKO). 

The list comprising 208 macrolichen species 

and 47 species Caliciales s. lat. A few species, 

e.g. Leptogium rivulare and Pannaia 

confusa, are reported for the first time in the 

eastern part of Europe. Some species are 

reported for the first time from the Komi 

Republic: Collema subtlaccidum, Collema 

nigrescens, Nephroma isidiosum, Phaeophyscia 

endophonicea, Phaeophyscia kairamoi, and 

Sticta nylanderiana. Some species occurring 

east of the Ural mountains occur rarely in 

Pechoro-Ilych Zapovednik, e.g. Cetrelia olivetorum 

and Sticta nylandeiana. Other rare 

species include Bryoia smithii, Heterodermia 

speciosa, Lobaia scrobiculata, Melanelia 

s ub a rge ntife ra, P s eudev erni"a furfurac e a, U sne a 

barbata, and Usnea longissima. 

The collected samples have been donated 

to UPS and SYKO. 

Comments to the spccies lists 

Pechoro-llych 7-apovednik consists of three 

landscape types, here indicated by the following 

abbreviations: P: plain (pine forests), PM: 

pre-mountain (deciduous and spruce mountain 

forests), and M: mountain (subalpine and 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (regs) 

alpine zone of the Urals). Some localities are 

in the buffer zone of the hpovednik. 

The nomenclature follows Santesson 

(1993), except when author names are 

included. Information from Insarov & Pchelkin 

(1986) are marked with a sun (Ir). Asterisks 

indicates tara new to the Komi Republic (*), 

northeastern part of European Russia (* *), 

European Russia (* * *), and Russia (* 

* * *). 

Macrolichens 

Alectoria nigricans: M, widespread in the 

alpine zone. On the ground in stony and 

gravelly places. 

Alectoia ochroleucai M, common. On snowpatches 

and rocks. 

Alectoia saffnentosa: P, PM, widespread, 

coniferous forest near the alpine zone. On 

branches and trunks of Abies sibirica, 

Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris, in swampy 

spruce or mixed coniferous forests. 

Allantoparmelia alpicola: M, widespread. On 

rocks in the alpine zone. 

**Anaptychia ciliaris: P, PM, widespread. On 

trunks of Populus tremula in aspen forests 

and aspen stands near the rivers. 

Arctoparmelia centifuga: M, common. On 


Arctoparmelia incurua: M, widespread. On 


Asahinea chrysantha: M, locally in the alpine 

zone. On the ground, among gravel and 

lichens. 

Brodoa intestinifurmis: PM, M, widespread, 

rare in lower parts of the pre-mountains. 

On rocks. 

Bryoia capillaris: P, PM, widespread, locally 

common. On branches and trunks of Abies 

sibiica, Betula spp., Picea abies, Pinus 

sibiica and Salix spp. 

Bryoria chalybeifurmis: P, PM, M, widespread. 

Corticolous on various tree species and on 

mossy rocks. 

Bryoria fremontii: P, PM, widespread but rare 

in the pre-mountains. Mainly on Pinus 

sylvestris but also Betula spp. and Picea 

abies in pine forests, mixed coniferous 

forests and swampy spruce forests.

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA 7 (regs) 

Bryoia furcellata: P, PM, common. On Beula 

spp., Picea abies and Pinus rylvestris. 

Bryoria fuscescens: P, PM, M, common, rare 

in the mountains. Corticolous on Abies 

sibiica, Betula spp., Picea abies, Pinus 

sibirica, Pinus sylvestris, Populus tremula 

and Salix spp. 

Bryoria cf. glabra: P, rare. In swampy spruce 

forests near the river. 

Bryoia implexai P, PM, widespread. On 

branches and trunks of conifers in spruce 

forests near the high mountains. 

Bryoria lanestris: PM, widespread but few 

localities are known, more frequent near 

the mountains. On branchgs of various 

trees, e.g. Picea abies. 

*Bryori"a nadvornikiana: P, PM, widespread 

and locally common. On branches and 

twigs of especially Abies sibirica, Betula 

spp., Picea abies and Pinus sibirica, in 

spruce, mixed and birch forests, rare in 

pine forests. 

Bryoia nitidula: M, rare. In spruce forests 

near the high mountains. 

Bryoria simplicior: PM, M, widespread. Corticolous, 

mainly on Betula spp. 

***Bryoia smithii: PM, rare, in mixed forest. 

Locality: Vozvisjenost Andjuga Parma, 2.5 

km SW of Ust'-UDys, N exposed slope 

near Pechora, 61o47'N, 57'48'8, alt. 140 

m, on trunk of old-growth Populus tremula, 

L994, Hermansson (SYKO). 

Cetraria chlorophylla: P, PM, M, common. On 

Abies sibiica, Alnus incana, Duschekia 

virae, Betula spp., Picea abies, Pinus 

sibiica, Pinus sylvestris and Salix spp. 

Cetraria cucullata: M, widespread, locally 

I 

common. On soil. 

Cetraria ericetorurn ssp. ericetorum: P, PM, M, 

widespread but rather common in the 

mountains. On soil among boulders. 

Cetraia hepatizon: M, common. On rocks in 

the alpine zone. 

Cetraia islandica: P, PM, M, common especially 

in pine forests and mountains. On 

soil. 

Cetraia blandica f. rigida (Retz.) Savicz: M, 

widespread. On soil. 

Lichens of Pechoro-Ilych Zapovednrlq Russia 69 

*Cetraria laurei Krempelh.: P, PM, widespread. 

On branches, twigs and trunks, 

mainly on old-growth Abies sibiica, 

Betula spp. and Picea abies, in mixed and 

swampy spruce forests. 

Cetraia muicata: M, widespread. On or 

among boulders and rocks at open places. 

Cetraia nigricans: M, widespread, rather 

common on boulders in the subalpine zone. 

Cetraia nivalis: P, PM, M, common in the 

mountains, widespread in the plain and 

pre-mountain. On soil, rarely on lignum 

of Pinus sibirica. 

Cetraria sepincola: P, PM, M, common, particularly 

on twigs of Betula spp. in young 

forests and birch stands near bogs and in 

the mountains. 

Cetrariella delisei: M, stony places. On soil. 

**Cetrelia olivetorum: P, PM, rare, flooded 

deciduous stands and old-growth Populus 

forests. On the trunk of old-growth trees. 

l,ocalities: Bolshaya Starikovka, 15.2 km 

SE of Yaksha, 61o44'N, 57o07'F,, alt. L40 

m, 1993, Hermansson (UPS). 2 km SW of 

Shaytanovka, near Pechoro, 62"00'N, 

58'07'8, alt. L60 m, flooded mixed forest, 

on Sorbu.r spp., 1994, Hermansson (UPS). 

Voadsjenost Andjuga Parma,2.5 km SW 

of Ust'-Unya, north exposed slope near 

Pechora, 6L"47'N, 57o48'8, alt. 140 m, on 

trunks of old-growth Popu.lus tremula, 

L993, Hermansson (UPS). 

Cladonia acuminata: P, PM, M, widespread. 

On trunk bases of trees and logs. 

Cladonia amaurocraea: PM, M, common 

especially in the subalpine zone. 

Cladonia arbuscula: P, PM, M, common 

especially in pine forests. On the ground 

and on decaying logs. 

Cladonia bacilliformis: P, PM, M, widespread, 

rare in the pre-mountains and mountains. 

On decaying stumps and logs. 

Cladonia botrytes: P, PM, widespread, locally 

common. On decaying stumps and logs, 

especially in pine forests. 

Cladonia caespiticia: M, rare. On logs in birch 

forests in the alpine zone, especially near 

rocks.


Cladonia caiosa: PM, widespread. On calciferous 

places, mainly on exposed rocks. 

**Cladonia carneola: P, PM, widespread. On 

decaying wood, mainly in pine forests. 

Cladonia cenotea: P, PM, M, widespread, 

locally common. On decaylng stumps and 

logs, rare on soil. 

**Cladonia ceryicornis ssp. 

widespread. On decaying 

mainly in pine forests. 

cervicornis: P, 

logs and on soil, 

Cladonia ceryicornb ssp. verticillata: P, PM, 

M, widespread, rare in the mountains. On 

dry sandy soil in pine forests. 

Cladonia chlorophaeA: P, PM, M, widespread, 

rare in the mountains. On decaying logs 

and on soil, in pine forests. 

Cladonia coccifera: P, PM, M, widespread. On 

decaying wood and on soil, in pine forest. 

Cladonia coniocraea: P, PM, M, common. On 

various tree species. 

Cladonia cornuta: P, PM, M, common. On 

soil and decaying wood. 

Cladonia crispata: P, PM, M, widespread but 

rare in the mountains. On decaying wood 

and on soil. 

Cladonia deformis: P, PM, M, widespread, 

locally common, rare in the mountains. On 

sandy and humus rich soil. 

Cladonia digitata: P, PM, M, common. On 

trunk bases of various tree species and on 

' decaying wood. 

Cladonia ecmoq)nai M, widespread. On the 

ground in mixed and spruce forests, on 

trunk base of Abies sibirica. 

Cladonia fimbiata: P, PM, M, common. On 

decaying wood and on soil. 

Cladonia furcata: PM, M, widespread, especially 

common on boulders in the subalpine 

zone open, not common in forests. 

**Cladonia glauca: P, PM, M, widespread. On 

decaying stumps and logs and on soil. 

Cladonia gracilis ssp. gracilis: P, PM, M, 

common. On decaying logs and on soil, 

particularly in pine forests, and on boulders 

in the subalpine zone. 

Cladonia gracilis ssp. tarbinata: P, PM, common. 

On decaying logs and on soil. 

Cladonia grayi: PM, rare? On decaying wood, 

in pine forests. 


Cladonia macilenta ssp. macilenta: P, PM, 

widespread. On soil and on more or less 

decayed wood. 

Cladonia macilenta ssp. f7o erkeana: P, PM, 

widespread. On soil and on slightly 

decayed wood. 

Cladonia macrocerasi P, PM, M, widespread, 

more frequent in the mountains. On soil 

and among mosses on rocks. 

Cladonia macrophylla: P, PM, M, widespread, 

locally common. On soil. 

Cladonia parasitica: P, widespread, locally 

common. On decaying logs of Pinur s//vestris, 

in pine forests. 

Cladonia pezizrfurmis: P, PM. On decaying 

logs and on soil. 

**Cladonia phyllophora: P, PM, M, widespread. 

On soil in mixed and pine forests. 

Cladonia pleurota: P , widespread, pine forests. 

On soil in pine forests. 

**Cladonia pocillum: PM, M, common, especially 

on exposed calciferous rocks. 

Cladonia polydactyla: P, PM, widespread. On 

decaying stumps and logs, mainly in pine 

forests. 

Cladonia pyid.ata: P, PM, M, widespread. On 

the trunk base of various tree species and 

on soil. 

Cladonia ramulosa: P, PM, M, rare. On soil 

and decaying wood in pine and birch 

forests in the subalpine zone. 

Cladonia rangifeina: P, PM, M, common 

especially in pine forests. On soil. 

**Cladonia rangifurmb: M, widespread. 

Common on boulders. 

Cladonia squamosa: P, PM, M, widespread. 

On trunk bases of various tree species, on 

decaying logs and on soil. 

Cladonia squamosa v, subsquamosat M, rare. 

Cladonia stellaris: P, PM, M, common, pine 

forests. On soil. 

**Cladonia stygia: P, widespread, in bogs. 

Cladonia subfurcata: PM, widespread. Among 

mosses on the ground in various habitats. 

Cladoni"a subulata: widespread. On soil in 

open places. 

**Cladonia sulphuina: P, PM, widespread. 

On decaying logs and on soil, especially in 

pine forests.

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA 7 (r99s) 

**Cladonia symphycarpa: PM, widespread. On 

calcareous soil and on exposed calcareous 

rocks. 

**Cladonia turyida: P, PM, M, widespread. 

On soil in pine forests. 

Cladonia uncialrs: P, PM, M, common. On soil. 

*Collema cristatum: PM, widespread. On calcareous 

rocks near rivers. 

*Collema flaccidum: P, PM, , rare, locally 

common, flooded deciduous stands. Mainly 

on Populus tremula and Salix spp., rare on 

Picea abics. 

Collema furfuraceum: P, PM, widespread, 

locally common, rare in the plain. On 

trunks of Populus tremula and Salix sPP., 

rarely on Betula spp. and Picea abies, 

especially in old-growth aspen forest and 

stands near the rivers. 

*Collema fuscovirens: PM, widespread, locally 

common. On calcareous rocks. 

*Collema nigrescens: PM, rare, deciduous 

forest. Localities: 4.5 km N of Ust'-Ljaga, 

62"3L'N, 58o58'8, alt. L70 m, middle-aged 

Populus forest, on trunk of Populus 

tremula, L992, Hermansson (UPS). 

Voarisjenost Andjuga Parma,2.5 km SW 

of Ust'-Unya, 61"'47'N, 57"48'8, alt. 140 

m, N exposed slope near the Pechora 

river, on trunk of old-growth Populus 

tremula, 1995, Hermansson (UPS, 

sYKO) 

**Collema occultatum v. occultatum: P, PM, 

widespread. On trunks of Populus tremula 

and Salix spp., rare on Picea abies, in 

aspen forest and flooded deciduous stands 

near rivers. 

***Collema subflaccidum: PM, rare, flooded 

deciduous trees near rivers and oldgrowth 

aspen forest. localities: 

Soboljinnyi, S of the mouth of the small 

river, at the bank of Ilych, 62"32'N, 

58o57'E, alt. L55 m, old-growth Salix spp., 

1992, Hermansson (UPS). 2 km SW of 

Shaytanovka,62"00'N, 58'07'E, alt. L60 m, 

Salix stands near the Pechora river and the 

meadows, on Salix Spp., L994, Hermansson 

(SYKO). Vozvisjenost Andjuga Parma, 2.5 

km SW of Ust'-Utryo, N exposed slope 

near Pechoro, 61"47'N, 57"48'8, alt. 140 

Lichens of Pechoro-Ilych Zapovednih Russia 7L 

m, on the trunk of old-growth Populus 


*Collema tenca: PM, widespread, with mosses 

on calciferous soil. On exposed rocks near 

the Pechora river. 

*Dermatocarpon miniatum: PM, widespread. 

Saricolous, mainly on calcareous rocks. 

Eventia divaricata: P, PM, M, widespread but 

local. On branches and trunks of Picea 

abies, rarely on Pinus sibirica and Pinus 

sylvestris, swampy spruce forests near the 

rivers and small rivers. 

Eventia mesomoryha: P, PM, M, widespread. 

On branches, twigs and trunks of Abies 

sibirica, Betula sPP., Picea abies, Pinus 

sylvestris and Salix spp. 

Evernia prunastri: P, PM, widespread, locally 

common. On trunks and branches of 

especially Salix Spp., rarely on Alnus 

incana and Betula spp., especially in 

flooded deciduous stands near the rivers. 

*Heterodermia speciosa: PM, rare, mainly in 

old-growth mixed or aspen forests. On 

trunk of. Populus tremula, also on flooded 

trees of Salix spp. near the rivers. Localities: 

1.5 km NE of Sobinskoje, N exposed 

slope at a small river, 61o59'N, 57"59'8, 

alt. 220 m, old-growth aspen forest, on 

Populus tremula, 15-20 trees, L994, Hermansson, 

det. R. Moberg (UPS). 4 km SW 

of Shaytanovka, 62"0I'N, 58o05'E', alt. L75 

m, on Populus tremula, 4 trees, L994, 

Hermansson, det. R. Moberg (UPS, 

SYKO). 2 km SW of Shaytanovka, 

between the Pechora river and meadows, 

62'00'N, 58"07'E, alt. L60 m, on Sa/u SPP., 

L994, Hermansson (UPS). Vonisjenost 

Andjuga Parma,ZS km SW of Ust'-Unya, 

N exposed slope near Pechoro, 61o47'N, 

57"48'E, alt. 140 m, on trunks of oldgrowth 

Populus tremula, L993, Hermansson 

(UPS). 

*Hypogmnia austerodes: P, PM, rare. On 

branches and trunks of old-growth Picea 

abies, in swampy spruce forests. 

*Hypogmnia bitteri: P, PM, widespread. On 

trunks and branches of Betula spp., Picea 

abies, Pinus sylvestris, Salix spp., in pine, 

spruce, mixed and deciduous forests.

72 lanolof Hermansson and Dominika Kudryatseva 

Hypogmnia physodes: P, PM, M, common. 

Corticolous and lignicolous on various tree 

species. 

Hypogmnia tubulosa: P, PM, M, common, 

especially in the mountains. Corticolous 

on various tree species. 

Hypogmnia vittata: P, PM, widespread. On 

trunks and branches of old-growth Betula 

spp. and Picea abies, s\ilampy spruce 

forests and old-growth mixed forests. 

Imshaugin aleuites: P, PM, M, widespread, 

locally common. Corticolous and lignicolous, 

especially in pine forests. 

**Lasallia pustulata: PM, M, common, especially 

in the subalpine zone. On boulders 

and rocks. 

*Leptogium q)anescens: P, PM, local. On 

trunk bases of. Populus tremula and Salix 

spp., rarely on Betula spp. and Picea abies, 

flooded forests near rivers and small 

waters, rare in deciduous forests. 

Leptogium lichenoides: PM, widespread but 

local, common among mosses on calciferous 

rocks in more or less shaded situations 

**Leptogium rivulare: P, rare. On trunk bases 

of old-growth Populus tremula and Salix 

spp., in flooded deciduous stands. 

l,ocalities: Volosnitskaya Statiza, 14.5 km 

SE Yaksha, 61"44'N, 57 "02'8, alt. 140 m, 

on Populus tremula at a pool in a spruce 

forest, L992, Hermansson (UPS). Ust'- 

Unya, near Pechora, 61o48'N, 57o52'E, alt. 

160 m, four old-growth Sa/u spp., 1995, 

Hermansson (UPS, SYKO). 

Leptogium saturninum: P, PM, widespread. 

On trunks of Populus tremula and Salix 

Spp., in mixed and aspen forests and 

flooded trees. 

**Leptogium subtile: PM, rare, corticolous. 

locality: Shaytanovka, 62o0].'N 58o09'E, 

alt. I75 m, hill near the settlement, on a 

trunk of Salix caprea, 1994, Hermansson, 

det. P. M. JOrgensen (UPS). 

*Leptogium tenuissimum: PM, widespread but 

local. Among mosses on calciferous rocks. 

Also on trunks of Salix spp., flooded trees 

near the river. 

***Leptogium teretiusculum: P, PM, rare. On 

trunks of Populus temula and Salix spp., 


rarely on Abies sibiica and Picea abies, in 

mixed forests and flooded stands. 

Lobaria pulmonaria: P, PM, M, widespread, 

locally common. On trunks and branches 

of. Betula spp., Populus tremula, Salix spp., 

rarely on Abies sibiica and Picea abies, 

mainly on old-grofih trees in mixed and 

flooded stands. 

*Lobaria scrobiculata: P, PM, widespread. On 

trunks of old-growth Picea abies and Salix 

spp., in swampy forests and on flooded 

trees near the rivers. 

**Massalongia carnosa: P, PM, widespread. 

On trunk bases of Populus tremula, Salix 

spp., rarely on Picea abies, flooded trees 

near the rivers. 

Melanelia exasperata: P, PM, widespread, 

locally common. Mainly on branches of 

deciduous trees. 

*Melanelia u,asperatula: P, PM, widespread. 

On branches of deciduous trees. 

**Melanelia 

fuliginosa: P, PM, widespread, 

locally common. On trunks of particularly 

old-growth Alnus incana, Duschekia 

virae, Betula Spp., Populus tremula and 

Salix spp., mainly in flooded forests. 

Melanelia olivaceai P, PM, M, common. Corticolous, 

mainly on deciduous trees especially 

on Betula spp., but also on Abies 

sibirica, Alnus incana, Duschekia virae, 

Betula Spp., Picea abies, Populus tremula 

and Salix spp. 

Melanelia septentionalrs: PM, rare but locally 

common. On trunks of Salix spp., flooded 

trees near the river. 

*Melanelia stygia: PM, widespread. On rocks 


**Melaneli"a subargenttfera: P, rare, on trunk 

of flooded Populus tremula trunk. Ipcality: 

Bolshaya Gariovka, 3.5 km E of Yaksha, 

W of the mouth, 61o49'N, 56'55'E, alt. 

150 m, old-growth Populus tremula stand 

near a pool, L992, Hermansson (UPS). 

Nephroma arcticum: P, PM, M, widespread 

but rare in the plain. Among mosses on 

the ground and logs, in mixed and spruce 

forests. 

Nephroma bellum: P, PM, M, widespread. On 

trunks of deciduous trees, mainly on

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA 7 (regs) 

Populus tremula and Salix spp., mixed forests 

and flooded trees. 

**Nephroma isidiosum: PM, rare, on trunk of 

old-growth Populus temula. Lacality: 4.5 

km NE of Ust'-Ljaga, 62'29'N, 59o02'8, 

alt. 160 m, on trunk base of dead aspen 

tree in s\ilampy spruce forest, L992, 

Hermansson (UPS). 

**T#,rK;*"lf ,,x*'J'ff T;iHlll 

Populus tremula and Salix spp., but also on 

Abies sibirica, Betula spp. and Picea abies, 

mixed and aspen forests. 

Nephroma resupinatum: P, PM, M, widespread, 

locally common. On mossy trunks 

of. Beula spp., Populus tremula and Salix 

spp., especially in flooded deciduous 

stands. 

f€ * * *Pa nnaria confusa: P, PM, rare. On 

trunks of old-growth Salix spp., Populus 

tremula, flpoded trees near rivers and oldgrowth 

aspen forests. l-ocalities: The 

mouth of Bolshaya Gariovka, 3.5 km E of 

Yaksha, 61o5L'N, 56"56'8, alt. L40 m, on 

Salix spp., L992, Hermansson (UPS). 1.5 

km NE of Sobinskoje, N exposed slope at 

a small river, 6L"59'N, 57"59iE, alt. 220 m, 

on Populus tremula in old-growth aspen 

forest, L994, Hermansson (UPS). Voarisjenost 

Andjuga Parma, 2.5 km SW of 

Ust'-Utryo, N exposed slope near Pechora 

river, 61'47'N, 57"48'F,, alt. 140 m, on 

trunks of old-growth Populus tremula, c. 

ap., L993, Hermansson (UPS). 

Pannaria conoplea: PM, rare. On trunk of 

old-growth Populus in mixed forest. 

Locality: Voarisjenost Andjuga Parma, 2.5 

km SW of Ust'-Unya, 6L"47'N 5'1"48'E, 

alt. L40 m, N exposed slope near Pechora 

river, on trunk of old-growth Populus 


*Pannaia leucophaeai PM, widespread. On 

calcareous rocks near the rivers Pechora 

and Ilych. 

Pannaria pezizoides: P, PM, rare. On trunks of 

old-growth Populus tremula and Salix 

spp., mixed forests and flooded deciduous 

stands. 

Lichens of Pechoro-Ilych Zapovednih Russia 73 

*Parmelin fraudans: P, rare. On trunks of 

old-growth Sa/u spp., flooded trees near 

the rivers. 

Parmelia omphalodes: PM, M, widespread. On 

rocks. 

Parmeli"a saxatiJis: P, PM, M, widespread but 

rare in the plain and the pre-mountains. 

On trunks of old-growth Betula spp. and 

Salix spp., swampy spruce forests and 

flooded trees near the rivers, also in the 

subalpine birch forests. 

Parmelia sulcata: P, PM, M, common. Corticolous 

on Abics sibirica, Duschekia virae, 

Betula spp. and Picea abies. 

*Parmeliclla tripnphylla: P, PM, widespread. 

On trunk bases, mainly on old-growth 

Populus tremula and Salix spp., but also on 

Betula spp., mixed forests and flooded 

deciduous stands. 

Parmeliopsis ambigua: P, PM, M, common. 


species. 

Parmeliopsis hyperopta: P, PM, M, common. 


species. 

Peltigera aphthosaz P, PM, M, widespread, 

locally common. Especially among mosses 

on the ground in herb rich pine and mixed 

forests, rarely on mossy trunks of. Picea 

abies. 

Peltigera canina: P, PM, widespread. On trunk 

bases and mossy logs of especially Populus 

tremula and Salix spp., rarely on Betula 

spp. and Picea abies, especially in flooded 

stands. 

*Peltigera collina: P, PM, widespread but local. 

On trunk bases of old-growth Populus 

tremula and Salix spp., rarely on Abies 

sibirica, Betula spp. and Picea abies, 

spruce and mixed forests and flooded trees. 

Peltigera didactyla: P, PM, widespread, locally 

common. On trunk bases of Picea abies 

and Salix spp., lignicolous and on soil and 

rocks, especially in flooded places, rarely 

in thin pine forests. 

*Pekigera horizontalis: P, PM, rare. On mossy 

trunk bases of Picea abies and Salix spp., 

flooded deciduous stands.


**Peltigera lepidophora: P, PM, rare. On 

trunks of trees at flood plain and on mossy 

calciferous rocks. I-ocality at P: The 

mouth of Bolshaya Gariovka, 4 km E of 

Yaksha, 6L"51'N, 56'56'8, alt. 140 m. 

Mossy trunk of old-growth'Picea abics, 


Peltigera leucophlebia: P, PM, M, widespread, 

locally common, especially on mossy trunk 

bases of Abies sibirica, Betula spp., Picea 

abies, Populus tremula and Salix spp., 

mainly in flooded forests. 

Peltigera malacea: P, PM, M, widespread. On 

soil among mosses, rarely on mossy trunk 

bases af. Picea abies, in herb rich coniferous 

and mixed forests. 

**Peltigera membranacea: P, PM, widespread. 

On mossy trunks and logs of Populus 

tremula and Salix spp., especially in 

flooded forests. 

**Peltigera neckeri: P, PM, widespread, locally 

common. On mossy trunks and logs, 

mainly Populus tremula and Salix spp., but 

also on Abies sibiica, Betula spp. and 

Picea abies, especially in flooded forests. 

Peltigera neopolydactyla: P, PM, widespread, 

locally common. Among mosses on the 

ground and on logs, especially in herb rich 

forests, mixed forests and flooded forests. 

Peltigera polydactyla: P, PM, M, widespread. 

On mossy trunk bases and logs of 

deciduous trees and among mosses on the 

ground, especially in old-growth mixed 

forests and flooded forests. 

*Peltigera ponojer?.uJ: PM, widespread. On soil 

among grasses and mosses, in meadows 


*Peltigera praetextata: P, PM, common. On 

trunks of deciduous trees, Alnus incana, 

Betula spp., Populus tremula and Salix 

spp., rarely on Abies sibiica and Picea 

abies, especially in old-growth mixed 

forests and flooded forests. 

Peltigera rufescens: PM, widespread, locally 

common. On meadows and soil on calcareous 

rocks at open places. 

Peltigera scabrosa: P, PM, widespread. Among 

mosses on logs of Picea abies, especially in 

flooded forests near the rivers. 

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA 7 (rees) 

Peltigera venosa: P, locally common. On mossy 

trunks of. Picea abies, Populus tremula and 

Salix spp., in flooded stands near rivers 

and brooks. 

Phaeophysci"a ciliata: P, PM, widespread, 

locally common. Corticolous on Populus 

tremula and Salix spp., in aspen and mixed 

forests and on flooded trees. 

Phaeophyscia constipata: PM, widespread, 

locally common, among mosses on exposed 

calcareous rocks. 

*Phaeophyscia endophoenicea: PM, rare. On 

Salix spp. near the rivers. Locality: 2 km S 

of Shaytanovka, 6?"00'N, 58"07'8, alt. 160 

m, on old-growth Salix sp. between the 

river and the meadows, L994, Hermansson, 

det. R. Moberg (UPS). 

*Phaeophyscia kairamoi: PM, rare. On oldgrowth 

Salix spp. in flooded deciduous 

stands. Locality: 2 km S of Shaytanovka, 

62'00'N, 58o07'E, alt. 160 m, on oldgrowth 

Salix spp. between the river and 

the meadows, 1994, Hermansson, det. R. 

Moberg (UPS, SYKO). 

Phaeophyscia hirsuta (Esslinger) Mereschk.: 

PM, locally common. On trunks and 

branches of old-growth Salix Spp., flooded 

trees near the river Ilych. Locality: Yidszid 

Ljaga, 0.2 km S of Ust'-Ljaga, 62"28'N, 

58"58'8, alt. 160 m, L992, Hermansson, 

det. R. Moberg (UPS). 

Phaeophyscia orbicularis: P, PM, M, widespread. 

On Sa/u spp. and Populus tremula, 

near the rivers and among mosses on 

calciferous rocks in shady places. 

Phaeophyscia sciastra: PM, widespread. On 

rocks near the rivers. 

Physcia adscendensi P, PM, widespread. 

Mainly on trunks of Populus tremula and 

Salix spp., rare on Betula spp., in aspen 

mixed forests and flooded trees. 

Physcia aipolia v. aipolia: P, PM, widespread, 

locally common. Corticolous on Populus 

tremula and Salix spp., in aspen and mixed 

forests and on flooded trees near the rivers 

and pools. 

Physcia aipolia v. alnophila: PM, widespread, 

but not as common as v. aipolia, same

GRAPHIS SCzuPTA 7 (r99s) 

habitats, L994, Hermansson, det. R. 

Moberg (UPS). 

Physcia caesia: P, PM, widespread. Saxicolous 

and on mosses on calciferous rocks, rarely 

corticolous on flooded Populus temula 

and Salix spp. near the rivers and brooks. 

Physcia dubia: P, PM, locally, common. On 

calciferous rocks, rarely corticolous on 

flooded Populus tremula and Salix spp. 


Physcia stellaris: P, PM, widespread. Corticolous 

on Populus tremula and Salix SpP., 

in aspen and mixed forests and on flooded 

trees. 

Physconia detersa: P, PM, rare. On trunks of 

old-growth Salix spp., flooded trees near 

the rivers. 

Physconia distorta: P, PM, widespread. On 

trunks of Populus tremula and Salix Spp., 

in mixed and aspen forests and on flooded 

trees. 

Physconia enteroxantha: P, widespread, locally 

common. On trunks of old-growth Salix 

spp., flooded trees near the river. 

Physconia muscigena: PM, widespread. 

Among mosses, mainly on calcareous 

rocks. 

Platismatia glauca: P, PM, M, common. Corticolous 

and lignicolous, on various tree 

species. 

*Pseudevernia furfuracea: P, PM, M, rare. 

Corticolous mainly on coniferous tree 

species, in swampy spruce forests. 

Ramalina dilacerata: P, PM, widespread. On 

trunks, branches and twigs of Abies 

sibirica, Betula Spp., Picea abies, Populus 

tremula and Salix spp., in bpruce, mixed 

and flooded forests. 

Ramalina fainacea: P, PM, widespread. On 

trunks of Alnus incana, Populus tremula 

and Salix spp., in aspen forests and on 

flooded deciduous trees. 

*Ramalina pollinaria: PM, widespread. On 

vertical calcareous rocks near Pechora. 

nRamalina roesleri: PM, rare. Corticolous on 

deciduous trees, between Shaytanovka and 

Shizim. 

****Ramalina sinensis: P, PM, widespread, 

locally common. On trunks and branches 

Lichens of Pechoro-Ilych Zapovednil


Usnea glabrescens: P, PM, M, widespread. On 

branches and twigs of especially Picea 

abies, also on Betulc spp., rarely on Larix 

sibirica and Pinus sylvestris, in spruce and 

mixed forests. 

Usnea glabrescens v. glabrella Motyka: P, rare, 

corticolous. On Pinus sylvestris in pine 

forests. l-ocality: Yaksha, 61o50'N, 

56o56'8, alt. 140 m, 1992, Kudryatseva 

(SYKO). 

Usnea hirta: P, rare. On trunks of Pinus 

sylvestris in thin pine forests. 

*Usnea lapponica: P, PM, widespread. Mainly 

on trunks of Salix spp., rare on Duschekia 

virae and Populus tremula, in aspen and 

mixed forests and flooded deciduous 

forests. 

Usnea longissima: PM, rare. In old-growth 

spruce forests, especially on Picea abies. 

Incality: Soboljinnyi, 6 km N of IJst'- 

Ljaga,500 m upstream of the mouth, slope 

at the river, 62"32'N, 58"57'E, alt. 155 m, 

on branches of Abies sibirica, Betula spp. 

and Picea abies,1992, Hermansson (UPS). 

Usnea subfloridana: P, PM, common. Corticolous 

and lignicolous on various tree 

species. 

aUsnea sublaxa Vain.: PM, between Shaytanovka 

and Shizim. Epiphytic. 

*Usnea substeilis: PM, widespread. On 

branches of various tree species, mainly on 

Picea abies. 

Usnea wasmuthii: PM, widespread but rare. 

On branches of Picea abies. 

Vulpicida junipeinrzs: PM, M, rare but locally 

common. Corticolous on Juniperus spp, in 

open pine forests on hills and stony places. 

Vulpicida pinastri: P, PM, M, common. Corticolous 

and lignicolous on various tree 

species. 

Vulpicida tilesii (Ach.) J.-8. Mattson & M.-J. 

l-ai: M, rare, alpine zone. On soil. 

Xanthoparmelia somloensisz PM, widespread. 

On calcareous rocks. 

Xanthoia elegans: PM, M, widespread. Saxicolous, 

often on calciferous rocks. 

Xanthoia candelaia: PM, rare. Lignicolous 

on woods near the rivers. 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (rges) 

Xanthoria parietina: P, PM, widespread. 

Corticolous on Populus tremula, rare on 

Salix spp., aspen forests and flooded trees. 

*Xanthoia sorediata: PM, M, common. On 

calciferous rocks. 

Caliciales s. lat. 

Calicium abietinum: P, rare. Lignicolous on 

old standing, high stumps of Pinus sylvesrzl, 

pine forests. 

**Calicium adaequatum: P, PM, widespread, 

locally common. On twigs, mainly Alnus 

incana and Duschekia virae, rarely on 

Populus tremula and Salix spp., especially 

in deciduous stands near the rivers. 

**Calicium denigratum: P, widespread. Lignicolous 

on still standing high stumps of 

Pinus sylvestrb, in pine forests. 

Calicium glaucellum: P, PM, common. Corticolous 

and lignicolous, mainly on Picea 

abies, Pinus sibiica, Pinus sylvestris, but 

also onAlnus incana and Betula spp. 

***Calicium parvum: P, rare, corticolous. On 

trunks of. Pinus sylvestfu, mixed coniferous 

stands near the small river. 

**Calicium salicinum Pers.: P, PM, widespread. 

Corticolous and lignicolous mainly 

on Betula spp. but also on Abies si.birica, 

Larix sibiica, Picea abies, Pinus sibiica 

and Populus tremula. 

Calicium trabinellum: P, PM, common. Lignicolous, 

rarely corticolous, especially on 

still standing high stumps of conifers. 

Calicium viride: P, PM, common. Corticolous, 

rarely lignicolous, especially on Picea 

abies, but also on other conifers and Betu- 

/a spp. 

**Chaenotheca brachypoda: P, PM, widespread. 

Lignicolous and on decaying bark 

of deciduous trees, especially in mixed 

forests. 

Chaenotheca brunneola: P, PM, common. 

Lignicolous, mainly on stumps of conifers. 

**Chaenotheca chlorella: P, PM, widespread 

but local. Lignicolous on deciduous trees, 

especially Betula spp., in mixed and spruce 

forests.

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (r99s) 

Chaenotheca chrysocephala: P, PM, common. 

Mainly corticolous especially on Abics 

sibirica and Picea abies. 

Chaenotheca femtginea: P, PM, widespread. 

Corticolous and lignicolous mainly on 

conifers, especially Larix sibirica, Pinus 

sibirica and Pinus sylvestris, mainly in thin 

swampy pine forests. 

Chaenotheca fufuroceai P, PM,. widespread. 

Often abundant, especially on roots of 

fallen conifers in shady and humid localities, 

especially in swampy spruce forests. 

**Chaenotheca gracillima: P, PM, widespread 

but local. Lignicolous and on decaying 

bark of especially stumps of Betula spp. 

and Picea abics in shady and humid 

localities, in mixed and swampy spruce 

forests. 

**Chaenotheca hispidula: P, rare. Corticolous 

on stumps of Betula spp. Incality: L5 km 

NE of Yaksha, small river to Bolshaya 

Gariovka, near the border of the reserve, 

61o42'N, 57o07'8, alt. L70 m, on high 

stump of Betula sp. in swampy spruce 

forest, L994, Hermansson (UPS). 

**Chaenotheca laevigata: P, PM, rare. Lignicolous 

on stumps of Picea abics in shady 

and humid localities, swampy spruce forests. 

l-ocalities: 1 km N df Ust'-Lj dgd, 

62"29'N, 58 o58'E, alt. 150 m, Betula sp. 

stump in swampy spruce forest, L992, 

Hermansson (UPS). 15 km NE of Yaksha, 

61."52'N, 57"07'F,, alt. 180 m, lignum on 

living Picea abies in swampy spruce forest, 

L994, Hermansson (UPS). 11 km NE of 

Yaksha, 6Lo45'N, 57'01'8, alt. 160 m, lignum 

of Betula sp. stump in svampy spruce 

forest, L994, Hermansson (UPS). Voarisjenost 

Andjuga Parma, 2.5 km SW of 

Ust'-UDya, N exposed slope near Pechora 

river, 61,'47'N, 57"48'F,, alt. 140 m, on 

trunk of old-growth Populus tremula, 

L994, Hermansson (UPS). Bolshaya 

Gariovka, 3.5 km E of Yaksha, 6L"5L'N, 

56'56'E, alt. L40 m, on stump of. Picea 

abies, L995, Kustysheva, det. Hermansson 

(SYKO). 

**Chaenotheca phaeocephala: PM, rare. On 

trunks of old-growth Berula spp. in 

Lichens of Pechoro-Ilych Zapovednih Russia 77 

swampy spruce forests. Locality: 4.5 km E 

of Ust'-Ljaga. 62o29'N 59"02'8, alt. 160 m, 


Chaenotheca stemonea: P, PM, widespread. 

On trunk bases, mainly of Betula spp. and 

Picea abics and decaying bark, also corticolous 

on stumps of various tree species in 

shady and humid localities, in mixed and 

spruce forests. 

****Chaenotheca subroscida: P, PM, widespread. 

On trunks of old-growth Picea 

abies, rarely Betula spp., especially in 

s\ilampy spruce forests. 

Chaenotheca tichialis: P, PM, common. Corticolous 

and lignicolous especially on 

stumps of conifers and Beala spp. 

**Chaenothecopsis consociata: P, PM, widespread. 

On thallus of Chaenotheca chrysocephala. 

**Chaenothecopsis epithallina: P, PM, common. 

On thallus of Chaenotheca tichialis. 

**Chaenothecopsis fennica: P, widespread but 

rare. Lignicolous on still standing high 

stumps of Pinus sylvestris, in thin pine 

forests. 

**Chaenothecopsis nana: PM, widespread. On 

trunks of old-growth Picea abies, mainly 

in swampy spruce forests. 

Chaenothecopsis pusilla: P, PM, common. 

Lignicolous on stumps of various tree species, 

rarely corticolous. 

Chaenothecopsis pusiola: P, PM, common. On 

stumps and trunks of various tree species. 

Chaenothecopsis savonica: P, PM, common, 

especially on still standing high stumps of 

Pinus sylvestris, in pine forests. 

****Chaenothecopsis vainioana: PM, rare. 

On trunks of decaying stumps of. Alnus 

incana, stands near the river Ilych. [,ocality: 

Yidszid Ljaga, 0.2 km S of Ust'-LjaEZ, 

62o28'N, 58o58'8, alt. 150 m, deciduous 

stand, L992, Hermansson (UPS). 

**Chaenothecopsis virid,ialba: P, PM, widespread. 

On trunks of Picea abies in shady 

and humid localities, spruce and mixed 

forests, especially swampy spruce forests. 

Cybebe gracilenta; P, PM, rare. On decaying 

bark or lignicolous, mainly on Betula spp.,


rarely on Picea abies, in swampy spruce 

forests and in old-growth mixed forests. 

**Cyphelium inquinans: P, rare. Lignicolous 

on Pinus sylvesrru, pine forests. 

**Cyphelium karelicum: P, PM, widespread, 

locally common. On trunk bases of Picea 

abies in old-growth swampy spruce forests. 

Cyphelium ttgillare: P, rare. Corticolous on 

dead Pinus gtlvestris, in pine forests. 

***Microcalicium ahlnei: P, rare. Lignicolous 

on high stumps of Picea abies, mixed and 

flooded spruce forests near the Pechora 

river. 

**Microcalicium arenarium: PM, rare. On up 

ended roots of Picea abies, in swampy 

spruce forests near Ilych. 

Microcalicium disseminatum: P, PM, widespread. 

On other Caliciales, especially on 

old-growth Betula spp. and Picea abies, in 

mixed and spruce forests. 

Mycocalicium subtile: P, PM, widespread, 

common. Lignicolous on especially Pinus 

sylvestris and Picea abies, in spruce, mixed 

and pine forests. 

**Phaeocalicium compressulum (Vain.) A. 

Schmidt: P, PM, widespread. On twigs of 

Duschekia fruticosa, in stands near the 

rivers, especially Ilych. 

**Phaeocalicium potyporeum (Nyl.) Tibell: P, 

PM, rare. On Tichaptum bifurme (Fr.) 

Ryv. growing on high stump of Betula sp. 

I-ocalities: Volosnitskaya Statziza, L4.5 km 

SE of Yaksha, 61."44'N, 57"02'F,, alt. 150 

m, in old-growth mixed forest, 1992, 

Hermansson (UPS). 2.5 km NW of Shaytanovka, 

62"0L'N, 58"06'8, alt. 200 m, 

Betula forest of tall herb type, 1994, Hermansson 

(UPS). 

**Phaeocaliciam populneum: P, PM, widespread. 

On twigs of Populus tremula, in 

aspen forests and mixed forests and on 


****Phaeocalicium praecedensi P, PM, widespread. 

On twigs of Populus tremula, in 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (Lges) 

aspen forests and mixed forests and on 


Sphaerophorus fragilb: M, widespread, locally 

common. On soil between stones. 

Sphaerophorus globosus: PM, M, widespread. 

Salricolous, especially in shady places. 

Sphinctrina turbinata: PM, rare. Locality: 3.5 

km SW of Ust'-Ljaga, 62"27'N, 58o56'E, 

alt. 200 m, parasite on Pertusaia albescens 

growing on Populus tremula, 1992, Hermansson. 

**Stenocybe major Nyl.: PM, rare. Corticolous, 

on Abies. Locality: Voarisjenost 

Andjuga Parma,Z.S km SW of Ust'-Unya, 

N exposed slope near Pechora river, 

61o47'N, 57"48'E, alt. L40 m, on trunk of 

Abies sibirica in old-growth mixed forest, 


Stenoqtbe pullatula: P, PM, locally common. 

Corticolous on Alnus incana and 

Duschekia fruticosa, 


Thanks to Dr Roland Moberg for help in determination 

of some samples (Physciaceae) 

and Dr Per Magnus JBrgensen (Leptogium). 

Thanks also to Dr Per Angelstam for correction 

of the text, to Tommy Ek, Jonas Kling, 

and Rolf Lundqvist for help at the fieldwork 

and to Tatjana Pystina for the check of Russian 

literature. The study was supported by the 

Swedish Institute. 

References 

Insarov, G. E. & Pchelkin, A. B. 1986: KolichesMennie 

kharakteristiki sostojanija 

epifitnoi likhenofloi Pechoro-Ilychskogo 

Zapovednika. Gosudarstvennii komitet 

SSSR po gidrometeorologii i kontrolyu 

prirodnoi sredi, Obninsk [transliterated]. 

Santesson, R. 1993: The lichens and lichenicolous 

fung, of Sweden and Norway. SBTfOrlaget, 

Lund.

Erioderma pedicellatum still present, but highty endangered in 

Europe 

HATON HOLIEN, GEIR GAARDER ANd ARNODD TIAPNES 

Holien, H., Gaarder, G. & H6pnes, A. L995: Erioderma pedicellatum still 

present, but highly endangered in Europe. Graphis Scipta 7: 79-84. 

Stockholm. ISSN 09AL-7593. 

Two specimens of the highly endangered foliose lichen Eioderma 

pedicellatum were found in central Nonvay in the summer of L994. The 

species has not been recorded in Europe for nearly forty years. A brief survey 

of the history of the species as well as some preliminary accounts on its 

habitat ecology and associate species are outlined. Its reproductive strategy 

and substrate ecology are briefly discussed. Comments on some aspects of 

conservation and future prospects of the boreal rain forests of central Nonray 

are given. 

Hdkon Holien, Department of Botany, Museum of Natural History and 

Archaeology, University of Trondheim, N-7004 Trondheim, Norway. 

Geir Gaarden Miljpfaglig Utredning ans, Postbolcs 66, N-6630 Tingvoll, 

Norway. 

Arnodd Hdpnes, Ekkoveien 39, N-1312 Slependen, Norway. 

During mapping of old coastal spruce forests 

rich in epiphytic lichens (boreal rain forest) in 

central Norway in 1994, two of us (GG & AH) 

found one specimen each of the highly endangered 

foliose lichen Eioderma pedicellatum at 

two different sites (Nord-Trondelag county, 

Overhalla and Grong municipalities) situated 

approximately 30 km from each other in the 

Namdalen area. The distance from Grong 

centre was about 1"5 and 20 km to the northwest 

and northeast respectively. The known 

European distribution is set out in Figure 1. 

As the species has not been observed in 

Nonvay since it was collected in Grong in 1939 

(Ahlner L948) it was regarded as extinct in 

Nonvay (Jorgensen 1990, Direktoratet for 

Naturforvaltning 1992). The last observation 

in Europe was made in 1956 in a protected 

locality in Viirmland, Sweden (Ingel6g et al. 

1987, Databanken f6r hotade arter & 

Naturvirdsverket 1991). 

The aim of this paper is (1) to report the 

species as still being present in Europe, (2) to 

give a brief and preliminary account on its 

habitat demands, and (3) to point on some 

aspects of conseryation regarding the boreal 

rain forests of central Noruray. 

Brief historical survey 

When Ahlner found the Erioderma species at 

three different sites near Grong in 

Nord-Trondelag in 1938 and L939, he thought 

it was a new species, which he described as 

Erioderma boreale in his classical thesis on 

epiphytic lichens in Fennoscandian coniferous 

forest (Ahlner L948). Except in the later discovered 

locality in Viirmland, Sweden (Norra 

Brattmoviken), the species was recorded as

80 Hdkon Holien et al. 

Table t. Some macrolichens recorded on 

twigs of. Picea abies at the central Nonvegian 

sites where Eioderma pedicellatum was 

recorded in L994. 

Species Overhalla Grong 

Bryoria americana 

Cavernularia hultenii 

Erioderma pedicellarum 

Hypogmni"a vittata 

Lobaia pulmonaria 

Lobaia scrobiculata 

Nephroma bellum 

Nephroma laevigatum 

Nephroma parile 

Pannaia ahlneri 

Parmeliella parvula 

Peltigera collina 

Platismatia norvegica 

P s eudoqtphellaia croc ata 

Ramalina thrausta 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

one single or a couple of specimens only. The 

locality in Norra Brattmoviken, in which the 

species was present as several hundred specimens 

(Ahlner 1954), was protected as a nature 

reserve in 1952. However, the protected area 

proved to be too small. When the surrounding 

forest was logged shortly after, the whole 

population of Erioderma died and disappeared. 

Since then no observations of this interesting 

and strange species have been made in 

Europe, though several botanists have 

searched for it in suitable localities. 

The species was thought to be endemic to 

Scandinavia until it was reported from Newfoundland 

by Ahti & JOrgensen '(L97I). When 

studying herbarium material of the lichen 

family Pannariaceae, Jorgensen (1972) later 

discovered that the species was described as a 

Pannaria from New Brunswick as early as 

L91,L. An evaluation of the status of the species 

in eastern North America was made by 

Maass (1980, 1983) showing it to be rare and 

endangered in the whole distribution area of 

eastern Canada. 

; 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

Characteristics of the habitat 


The two new Norwegian localities, here 

denoted the Overhalla (Ou) and Grong (Gr) 

localities, show many similarities. They both 

represent mature spruce forests situated by 

streams in small ravines on nutrient rich 

marine sediments at an altitude of about 40 - 

80 m in the southern boreal subzone (cf. Moen 

L987). In both localities the vegetation type is 

dominated by tall ferns and tall herbs close to 

the brook, changing to small fern and bilberry 

(Vaccinium myrtillus) forest with increasing 

distance from the brook on the slopes of both 

sides. There is a strong and prominent element 

of horsetail (Equisetum sylvaticum) and peat 

mosses (Sphagnum spp.). In both localities E. 

pedicellatum occurred on thin twigs of Picea 

abies. The host trees were situated in the 

transition zone between tall herb and small 

fern forest and were rather young, particularly 

in the Overhalla locality, with a breast height 

diameter of 20 30 cm. Notably, both trees 

were situated close to small, naturally occurring 

gaps, less shaded than in their surroundings. 

The localities did not contain virgin forest, 

but showed many signs of selective felling in 

the past, €.9. common occurrence of old, well 

decomposed stumps. Nevertheless, it is anticipated 

that there has been long canopy continuity 

in or at least close to the localities. There 

were neither any signs of canopy break down 

due to storm felling nor any signs of burning. 

Fallen trees were recorded only singly, creating 

small gaps in the canopy. The number of 

logs and deciduous trees (Alnus incana, Betula 

pubescens, Salix caprea, and Sorbus aucupaia) 

was generally low and dead standing 

trees were almost lacking. 

The humidity in the area is high with a 

mean annual rainfall of 1375 mm for the station 

Overhalla (FOrland L993). Mean annual 

number of wet days (precipitation > 0.1 mm) in 

the area exceeds 200 (Fregri 1960). In addition, 

the topography (sheltered ravines), the waterholding 

capacity of the marine sediments, the 

regular presence of trickles of water in the 

ravine slopes, and the vegetation cover itself

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA 7 (1995) Erioderma pedicellatum in Europe 81 

Figure 1. Knovm present and past distribution of. Eriderma pedbellatum in Europe. a: Present 

finds, 't: Ahlners finds.


help preserve a very high and stable humidity 

within the forest stand in the growing season. 

Lichen community 

A characteristic trait concerning the lichen 

vegetation in both sites was the occurrence of 

the l-obarion association on twigs of Picea 

abies. Outside central Nonray this association 

is usually found only on trunks of old deciduous 

trees, more rarely also on shaded rock 

walls. At least when occurring abundantly, the 

l.obarion is regarded as an indicator of long 

canopy continuity (Gauslaa L995). 

The l,obarion was not particularly well 

developed on the host trees (rather young), 

especially not in the Overhalla locality, but was 

well developed on neighbouring trees and 

elsewhere in the localities. The recorded individuals 

of E pedicellatum were both c. 1 x 2 

cfr, and had no visible signs of damage or 

stress. Both specimens were found near the 

branch tip on rather thin twigs (living branch 

in Ov, dead branch in Gr). Some of the more 

important associate lichens occurring at the 

sites are listed in Table 1. Among foliose 

N-fixing lichens associated with E. pedicellatum 

on the branches, Lobaia pulmonaia, L. 

scrobiculata, Nephroma laevigatum, and N. 

paile were recorded. Among threatened 

macrolichens recorded in the localities were 

N-fixing species like Pannaria ahlnei and 

Pseudocyphellaia crocata as well as the fruticose 

species Ramalina thrausta.ln Ov P. ahlnei 

occurred on the same tree as E pedicellatum, 

in Gr on another tree situated near by. 

The Grong locality, including two smaller 

adjacent areas, probably represents the richest 

known locality for P. ahlneri in Nonray. Other 

recorded humidiphilous foliose lichens on 

twigs of Picea abies included Hypogmnia vittata, 

Peltigera collina, and Platismatia norvegica. 

Discussion 

The rediscovery of E. pedicellatum in central 

Nonvay raises more questions than it solves: 

From where were the two recorded, probably 

rather young, individuals recruited? Is there an 


undetected population of the species in a 

nearby locality, or did such a population exist 

until recently? Is it possible for the species to 

grow on the branches higher up in the 

canopy? Does the species exhibit certain 

adaptations concerning its reproduction ability 

which makes it possible for it to survive in 

extremely low population size? An answer to 

these questions can not be given here, but it is 

unlikely that there are large undetected populations 

of E pedicellatum in central Nonvay, 

of the following reasons: (1) The area of 

remaining forest types suitable for the species 

has drastically decreased during the last fifty 

years (probably less than 10 % still remains). 

(2) Potential localities has been thoroughly 

investigated by several lichenologists, latest 

during the inventory project for coastal spruce 

forests which led to the rediscovery of the 

species. (3) Although the species is rather 

small it is very characteristic and therefore 

hardly overlooked. 

Maass (1980, 1983) has studied E. pedicellatum 

in eastern Canada where it is rare, 

declining, and highly endangered too. As the 

species is nonsorediate it fully depends on 

spore dispersal for new establishment. Maass 

put forward the hypothesis that the resynthetisation 

of new individuals possibly is a very 

critical stage in its life cycle. This theory was 

based on the fact that its photobiont, a cyanobacteria 

of the genus Sq)toneffia, is rare both 

as freeliving and as photobiont in other lichen 

species. A support of this view was the observation 

that Coccocarpia palmicola, a species 

with the same photobiont as E pedicellatum, 

nearly always occurred as an associate species. 

Consequently it is not impossible that C. palmicola, 

which regularly reproduce nonsexually 

by isidia, may contribute with Sqttonema in 

the resynthetisation of E. pedicellatum at the 

North American sites. A similar strategy has 

been shown for other lichens, e.g. Xanthoria 

paietina (Ott L987), and may be a common 

feature for species which reproduce sexually 

and have photobionts which are rare in a 

freeliving stage. 

However, as C. palmicola is lacking in 

Norway the source of Sqttonema must be

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA 7 (r99s) 

another lichen with this cyanobacteria or free 

living colonies on the branches of. Picea abies. 

As far as we know, no such lichen species 

occurs in the spruce forests of central Nonvay' 

No attempt has been made to clariff if 

freelivin g Sqtonema occurs in the area, but 

such studies should be carried out. 

All European records of E pedicellatum 

were from twigs of. Picea abies. In eastern 

Canada it has most often been found on 

trunks of. Abics balsamea, more rarely on 

twigs of. Picea mariana and P. glauca (Maass 

1983), as well as on trunks of Acer (TOnsberg 

pers. comm.). It is difficult to understand why 

E. pedicellatum should not be able to grow on 

trunks of deciduous trees in central Nonvay. 

The main reason for the apparent avoidance 

of these tree species may simply be the lack of 

suitable host trees (particularly Salix and 

Sorbus) in the Namdalen area. 

Its preference for Abies in Canada may 

indicate that E. pedicellatum demands slightly 

elevated substrate pH. This is true also for 

other members of the genus. As Picea abies 

has rather acidic bark it is reasonable to ask if 

trees growing on marine sediments has higher 

bark pH than trees growing on more acidic 

soil. This has been shown at least for Quercus 

in southern Norway (Gauslaa 1985). As all 

central Nonregian records of E pedicellatum 

are from forests growing on marine sediments, 

this question should be studied. 

Based on the observations at the two 

Norwegian sites, it appears that E. pedicellatum 

is a branch tip species with low competitive 

ability, high demands of atmospheric 

humidity, stigtrtty elevated pH hemands, and 

probably rather high light demands. It also 

apparently possess rather high demands concerning 

summer temperature (southern boreal 

areas only) tolerating low winter temperatures. 

Accordingly it may be assigned a thermic continental 

species with high demands of humidity. 

This may explain why it avoids the outer 

coastal areas further west in central Nonray 

where the substrate conditions seem to be 

more favourable. It is notable that the areas in 

central Nonray and in Virmland in Sweden 

where E. pedicellatum has been recorded are 

Erioderma pedicellatum in Europe 83 

those Scandinavian areas which climatically 

are most similar to the east coast climate 

found in eastern Canada (Holten 1988). The 

trade off between these demands is therefore 

probably the main reason why it seems to 

occupy such a narrow ecological niche similar 

to that of P. ahlneri (Jorgensen L978: 17) as 

well as such a narrow distributional range. As 

an extremely rare species it also probably 

exhibit low genetic variability which probably 

makes it more susceptible to habitat changes, 

either naturally occurring or human influenced. 

Conservation aspects 

The boreal rain forests of central Nonray is a 

highly endangered habitat with several threatened 

lichens (TOnsberg et al. in press). A 

definition of boreal rain forest with its characteristic 

lichen species, generally referred to as 

uthe Trondelag phytogeographical element" is 

being prepared by Holien & Tonsberg (in 

prep.). 

As the area of remaining old natural forest 

of this kind has declined dramatically, mostly 

due to logging in recent years, it is now necessary 

to prevent further habitat destruction in 

order to save this unique forest type and 

species. An important implication is that 

clearcut logging should be avoided at least in 

localities were boreal rain forest is well developed. 

Furthermore management of areas 

surrounding these habitats should be very 

restrictive in order to prevent negative effects 

on microclimate, particularly the humidity. 

However, selective felling carried out in a 

gentle way may be allowed in certain cases, 

and may even be advantageous sometimes in 

creating more optimal ligth regimes provided 

that it does not result in negative effects on 

humidity. It is also necessary to improve the 

proportion of deciduous trees in these forests 

in the future to create a more natural tree 

species composition which is anticipated to 

have positive effects on the whole lichen flora. 

Even if the two sites where E. pedicellatum 

has been recorded probably will be protected 

as nature reserves, the future prospects


of this species seem quite uncertain in view of 

the low number of specimens found. In one of 

the localities the specimen even disappeared 

during the last winter probably due to eroding 

effect on the lichen flora of the spruce 

branches caused by large amounts of wet snow. 

In spite of the increasing willingness to include 

environmental considerations in forestry practice 

it is necessary to protect larger areas to 

secure extremely vulnerable species like E. 

pedicellatum, as clearly demonstrated in Norra 

Bratmoviken, and there appears not to be 

political will to do so. The Nonvegian politicians 

have not followed the advice of the 

biological experts to protect 5 % of the 

Nonvegian forests. We therefore fear that 

although two new thalli have been discovered, 

these are the last glimps of E. pedicellatum in 

Europe. 

In order to prevent undesirable attraction 

concerning the vulnerable localities, a 

complete geographical description of them will 

not be published. 


The field work has been supported by the 

Directorate for Nature Management which is 

gratefully acknowledged. 

References 

Ahlner, S. 1948: Utbredningstyper bland 

nordiska barrtrAdslavar. Acta Phytogeogr. 

Suec.22: l-257. 

Ahlner, S. 1954: Viirmlands mbrkligaste lav. 

In: Magnusson, N. H. & Curry-Lindahl, 

K. (eds) , Natur i Viirmland, pp.99-102. 

Ahti, T. & JOrgensen, P. M. l97l: Notes on 

the lichens of Newfoundland. I. Erioderma 

boreale, new to North America. Bryologist 

74: 378-381. 

Databanken for hotade arter & Naturvirdsverket 

L99I: Hotade viixter i Sverige 1990. 

Kiirlviixter, mossor, lavar och svampar 

foneckning och liinsvis forekomsf. Lund. 

Direktoratet for Naturforvaltning 1992: 

Truede arter i Norge. Norwegian red list. 

DN-rapport 1992-6: 1-89. 


Fagri, K. 1960: Maps of distribution of 

Nonvegian plants. I. The coast plants. 

Univ. Bergen Skr.26: L-L34. 

Forland, E. J. t993: Precipitation normals, 

normal period L96L-L990. Det Norske 

meteorologblce institutt, Report 39/93 

Klima:1-63. 

Gauslaa, Y. 1985: The ecology of lobarion 

pulmonariae and Parmelion caperatae in 

Quercus dominated forests in south-west 

Nonray. Lichenologist 17: Ll7 -L40. 

Gauslaa, Y. 1995: The Lobarion, an epiphytic 

community of ancient forests threatened 

by acid rain. Lichenologist 27: 59-76. 

Holten, J. I. 1988: Utbredelsen av gstlige 

planter og deres klimatiske betingelser 

med vekt pi skandinaviske forhold. Btyttia 

46: L05-LL2. 

Ingelog, T., Thor, G. & Gustafsson, L. (eds) 

L987: Floravdrd i skogsbruket. Del 2 

Andel. J6nk6ping. 

Jorgensen, P. M. L972: Erioderma pedicellatum 

(= E. boreale) in New Brunswick, 

Canada. Bryologist 75: 369-371. 

Jorgensen, P. M. 1978: The lichen family 

Pannariaceae in Europe. Opera Bot. 45: 

t-L24. 

Jorgensen, P. M. 1990: Tronderlav (Erioderma 

pedicellatum) Norges mest gAtefulle 

plante? Blyaia 48: LI9-L23. 

Maass, W. S. G. 1980: Erioderma pedicellatum 

in North America: A case study of a rare 

and endangered lichen. Proc. Nova 

Scotian Inst. Sci. 30: 69-87. 

Maass, W. S. G. L983: New observations on 

Erioderma in North America. Nordic I. 

Bot. 3: 567-576. 

Moen, A. L987: The regional vegetation of 

Nonvay; that of Central Nonray in 

particular. Norsk Geogr. Tidssl

Fellhanera subtilis found in Finland 

HARRI HARMAJA 

Harmajo, H.' 1995: Fellhanera subtilis found in Finland. Graphis Scripta 7: 

85-86. Stockholm. ISSN 0901-7593. 

Fellhanera subtilis (V6zda) Diederich & Sdrusiaux is reported from several 

localities in South Finland. It is a new member of the Finnish lichen flora. 

Harri Harmaja, Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. 

Box 47, FIN-00014 University of Helsinkr, Finland- 

Inspired by the informative article of Arup & 

Ekman (L994), I checked during my other 

activities in South Finland the stem-bases of 

bilberry planti (Vaccinium mynillus) for the 

presence of lichens of the genus Fellhanera 

Y|zda. Every now and then I obtained a positive 

result. Three specimens collected earlier 

were detected as well in H. A closer examination 

(e.g. the spores of some specimens were 

studied microscopically) showed that of the 

three Fellhanera species treated by Arup & 

Ekman (L994) only F. subtilis (Vdzda) Diederich 

& Sdrusiatx was present in the material. 

My specimens will be deposited in H. 

An the specimens except my oldest one 

(with pycnidia only) were fertile; some sterile 

thalli found on bilberry stems were left 

unidentified. However, even sterile F. subtilis 

may be recognized, as it very commonly 

possesses characteristic rod-like, often somewhat 

tapering, pycnidia (see Arup & Ekman 

1994, Figure 4E). 

Most specimens are from V. myrtillus. The 

lichen prefers the basal non-green parts of the 

stem and branches of the living plants. Fairly 

often also the lowermost parts of the green 

branches bear F. subtilis. It appears that the 

plants are generally old, fairly tall, and very 

often have some dead branches (which likewise 

may bear some lichen). Wholly dead 

plants are apparently unfavourable substrates, 

but the lichen survives for at least some length 

of time even on them. 

Once F. subtilis was collected on stem 

bases of. Vaccinium vitis-idaea, once on those 

of. Calluna vulgaris, and once on dead lower 

twigs of spruce (Picea abies). 

I found F. subtilis in different kinds of 

mossy heath forests, also in paludified ones. 

However, it was only rarely found in the driest 

site-types. No finds were recorded from true 

rich woods. It also seemed that the species 

somewhat favours fairly old, not heavily 

managed coniferous woods and northern 

slopes. Fairly high atmospheric humidity may 

thus be important for this lichen to thrive. 

However, the species does not demand true 

old-growth forests. In fact, it may even be 

capable of resisting some levels of air pollution. 

My observations on the substrates and 

biotope preferences of F. subtilis are in good 

concordance with those of Arup & Ekman 

(L994) made in south Sweden. 

Of the three Fellhanera species in Sweden 

preferring bilberry stems (Arup & Ekman 

L994) I did not observe F. bouteillei (Desm.) 

V6zda or F. myrtillicola (Erichsen) Hafellner. 

There is in H an old collection of F. bouteillei 

from spruce twigs from [,ammi, south Finland 

(Vainio L934). However, the species is now

86 Harri Harmaja 

considered extinct. F'. myrtillicola is not known 

from Finland thus far. 

Arup & Ekman (1994) also mentioned a 

few other lichens that may grow on bilberry 

stems and which bear some resemblance to the 

Fellhanera species. Of these, I observed only 

Dimerella pineti, which was found in three 

localities (Espoo, Jiirvenpiiii and Vihti). This 

species appears to prefer a slightly different 

ecological niche on the stem: it tends to occur 

even more basally than does F. subtilis. 

Together with the laurila collection cited 

below, these are the only observations of D. 

pineti on bilberry in Finland. Micarea prasina 

was not found on bilberry, but on spruce bark 

in the above mentioned Jtirvenpdii locality. 

Fellhanera subtilis is known from central 

and western Europe, and from Sweden, Norway 

and Denmark, according to Arup & 

Ekman (L994), who suggest that the species 

may be much more frequent than what is 

known at present. This seems to be true also 

for southern Finland at least (all the localities 

known thus far lie in the southern boreal 

zone), and a thorough search will undoubtedly 

unmask numerous new occurrences. 

Specimens examined (all in H), Finland. 

Varsinais-Suomi: Lohja commune, Koski, 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (Legs) 

Alectoia saffnentosa and Trapeliopsis pseudogranulosa 

(det. O. Vitikainen) near by, L994, 

Harmaja; Vihti, Salmi, 1994, Harmaja. 

Uusimaa: Espoo, laaksolahti, 1989, Harri & 

Timo Harmaja; 1995, Harmaja; Espoo, Tremanskiirr 

Nature reserve, L994, Harmaja; also 

on Vaccinium vitis-idaea, L994, Harmaja; on 

Calluna vulgaris, 1994, Harmaja; on Picea 

abies, L994, Harmaj a. Etelti-Karjala.. Yliimaa, 

Hujakkala, Parkko, also Dimerella pineti present, 

L94L, I-aurila (as Catillaia bouteillei). 

Satakunta: Hdmeenkyr6, Pinsi6, 1989, 

Harmaja. Etelti-Hiime: Lammi, Etu-Killo, 

Bryoia furcellata near by, L994, Harmaja; 

l-ammi, S of Sudenpesiinkangos, Alectoia 

saffnentosa abundant, L994, Harmaja; Lammi, 

Revasvuori, L994, Harmaja; I-ammi, Nature 

reserve "Kotisten aarnialue", true old-growth 

forest, L994, Harmaja. 

References 

Arup, U. & Ekman, S. 1994: Tre lavar i 

sliiktet Fellhanera pA bl6biir. Svensk Bot. 

Tidslcr. 88: 33-41 

Vainio, E. A. L934: Lichenographia Fennica 

IV, Lecideales II. Acta Soc. Fauna Fl. 

Fenn. 57,2: 1-531.

Floristic notes from SW Denmark 

STEEN N. CHRISTENSEN, VAGN ALSTRUP and SVANHILDUR SVANE 

Christensen, S. N., Alstrup, V. & Svane, S. 1995: Floristic notes from SW 

Denmark. Graphis Scripta 7: 87-89. Stockholm. ISSN 0901-7593. 

Seven taxa of lichens and lichenicolous fungi are reported new to Denmark: 

Arthothelium lirellans, Candelaiella vitellina f. flavovireUa, Chromatoclamys 

muscorum v. muscorum, Lepraia igidula, Phaeosporolobus alpinus, Slqttea 

nitschker, and Slquella mullei. Two tara are new to Jutland, 32 ta:

88 Steen N. Christensen et al. 

10. About 3 km WNW of the town Norre 

Nebel, the village I-onnestak. Acer sp., 

Populus Sp., churchyard and Pinus mugo 

dune plantation. 

11. About 7 km WNW of the town Norre 

Nebel, coastal dunes S of parking lot 

("Gammelgab"). Coastal dunes with relatively 

nutrient-rich sand and small pebbles 

in blow out (breach). Grey dune and 

Empetrun dominated dune heath. 

12. About 5 km S of the town l,Ogumkloster, 

the forest Dravedskov. Old Tilia stand in 

the forest. 

13. About 12 km W of Odense, about 1 km E 

of the village Hekkebolle, the forest 

Hrekkebglle Vesterskov. Fagus forest and 

concrete posts. 

The species 

The compilation of the list is based upon 

observations in the field as well as collected 

material. Voucher specimens collected by the 

participants (Vagn Alstrup, Steen N. Christensen, 

Ludwik Lipnicki, J. W. Moller, Mona 

Nissen, Roar Poulsen, and Svanhildur Svane) 

are deposited in AAU and C, and in the 

private herbaria of Lipnicki and S. N. Christensen. 

The nomenclature is in accordance with 

Santesson (1993) wherever possible. Tara not 

previously recorded for Vestjylland (Alstrup & 

SOchting 1989 and more recent papers) are 

indicated by '*'WJ', those new for SOnderjylland 

by '*SJ' and for the whole of Jylland by 

'*J'. Taxa new to Fyn are indicated by '*F'. 

Ta

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA 7 (1995) 

Phaeopryxis punctum: *WJ; 1. On Cladonia 

foliacea. 

Phaeosporobolus alpinus: *DK; 7. On 

P ertus aria hemisphaeric a. 

Psilolecia lucida: *WJ; 1,0. 

Rinodina gennani: *WJ; L,2,6. 

Slqttea nitschkei: *DK; 12. On Thelotema 

lepadinum. 

Slqttetla mulleri: *DK; 2. On Peltigera membranacea. 

Stigmidium peltideae: *WJ; 2, On Pehigera sp. 

Tremella lichenicola: *SJ; L2. On Mycoblastus 

fucatus. 

Vemtcaia dolosa: *WJ; 11. 

Vouauxiella lichenicola: *WJ; 8. On Lecanora 

chlarotera. 

Floristic notes from SW Denmark 89 

Xanthoparmelia mougeorii: *WJ; 8. 

Xanthoricola physciae: *WJ; L. On Xanthoria 

parietina. 

References 

Alstrup, V. L993: News on lichens and lichenicolous 

fungi from the Nordic countries. 

Graphis Scripta 5: 96-104. 

Alstrup, V. & SOchting, {J. 1989: Checkliste og 

status over Danmarlcs laver. Nordisk 

Lichenologisk Forening, Kobenhavn. 

Santesson, R. t993: The lichens and lichenicolous 

fungi of Sweden and Norway. 

SBT-f6rlaget, Lund.

Five lichens new to Denmark 

ERIK LARSEN 

Bacidia caligans (Nyl.) A. L. Sm. 

Bacidia caligans was found at the ruin of 

Alling Kloster north of Silkeborg on a siliceous 

basement stone close to the ground. It is 

normally mentioned in the literature as growing 

on more or less calcareous stonework, but 

dripping of rain water from the mortar 

betrn'een the stones in the basement may have 

raised the pH. 

The apothecia were rather small (0.2-0.5 

**), slightly concave to plane; the disc varying 

in colour from pale brown to red-brown 

with a more or less distinct margin which was 

pale to dark brown-black, but usually darker 

than the disc. Bacidia caligans is recently 

reported from Sweden and Nonvay (Nordin et 

al. L992, Coppins 1992a). 

Specimens examined: East lutland: Alling 

Klosterruin, 200 m east of Alling s0, GrOnbrek, 

Lgg4,larsen (C, herb. Iirsen). 

Bacidia egenula (Nyl.) Arnold 

larsen, E. L995: Five lichens new to Denmark. Graphis Scripta 7: 9L-93. 

Stockholm. ISSN 090L-7593. 

Bacidia caligans, Bacidia egenula, Hypocenomyce sorophora, Lecidea 

insidiosa, and Psorotichia schaereri are reported as new to Denmark. 

Erik Larsen, Grgnkjerc vej 32, DK-7000 Fredericia, Denmark. 

On the same stone as that mentioned above 

were some specimens of Bacidia egenula with 

0.3-0.7 mm large, flat apothecia. Compared 

with those of Bacidia caligans the apothecia 

were more dark, and both the margin and disc 

were more or less brown-black. For a more 

detailed description see Coppins (192b). 

Bacidia egenula and B. caligans are closely 

related to B. arnoldiana, and they are mainly 

separated on the pigmentation of the apothecia 

as shown in Table 1. All three species have 

a greenish, finely granular thallus, ascus structures 

as in the genus Lecanora, and 

needle-shaped ascospores. They probably 

belong to the genus Bacidina YEzda. 

Specimens examined: East Jutland; Alling 

Klosterruin, 200 m east of Alling s0, GrOnbrek, 

L994, larsen (C, herb. [arsen). 

Hypocenomyce sorophora (Vainio) 

P. James & Poelt 

Hypocenomyce sorophora was found on a 

fence post of pine near the cost at Als Odde 

on the east cost of Jutland. No apothecia was 

seen, but betrveen the fawn crustose thallus, 

which bursts into farinose soredia and reacts 

K+ yellow, C+ red and P+ yellow, were a lot 

of pycnidia with a greenish wall (N* red). The 

conidia were mostly bacilliform, 4-4.5 x 2 pm. 

Specimens examined: East Jutland; Tidal 

meadow at Odde Sommerland, 2 km north of 

Als Odde, L994, larsen (C, herb. I-arsen). 

Lecidea insidiosa Th. Fr. 

Lecidea insidiosa was found on the same fence 

post as I/. sorophora mentioned above. The

9?, Enk Larsen GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (Lees) 

Table 1. Differences between Bacid.ia amoldiana, B. egenula, and B. caligans. 

Hypothecium 

Upper outer part of exciple 

Inner part of exciple 

B. arnoldiana B. egenula B. caligans 

dark red-brown 

colourless 

red-brown 

species was described by Fries (L867) as a 

parasite on Lecanora varia first attacking the 

apothecia. Poelt (1974) gives further information 

on the parasitic nature of Lecidea insid,iosa. 

In my material, however, no traces of an 

host was seen, and Lecid,ea insid,iosc seems to 

be exclusively autonomous on the wood. 

The granular to warted-areolate thallus is 

grey and K+ yellow. The photobiont layer 

comprises a great part of the young areolae 

with a corresponding thin (or absent) medulla 

(Figure 1), whereas older areolae have a 

thicker medulla and I+ violet hyphae. The 

photobiont is green, 7 -15 ltm. Over the 

photobiont layer there is an amorphous layer 

which is more or less densely incrusted by pale 

to dark brown granules which refract polarized 

light and dissolve in K but not in N. The 

apothecia are black, numerous, 0.2-0.5 mm, at 

first plane with a thin margin but soon become 

convex an immarginate, in water with a bluish 

bloom. The epithecium is blue-green (N* 

red), with a layer of brown granules that 

dissolve in K. The exciple is green-brown in 

the outer part, paler in the inner, I+ violet. 

The hymenium is 40-50 pm high, colourless 

-J.. ;'- 

Figure 1. Vertical section of young areolae 

Lecidea insidiosa. Scale = 100,,nm. 

_...- 

rt/.J, 

o o Ol 

J^\ 

z,oa. 

of 

I red-brown 

green-brown 

colourless 

colourless 

red-brown 

colourless 

like the hypothecium. The spores are 7 .5-11 x 

4.5-5.5 pm. 

Specimens examined: East Iutland; Tidal 

meadow at Odde Sommerland, 2 km north of 

Als Odde, East Jutland, 1994, I-arsen (C, herb. 

larsen). 

Psorotichia schaereri (A. Massal.) 

Arnold 

Psorotichia schaereri was found as 

green-black coverings on bricks laying on the 

ground in the same place as the two Bacidiaspecimens 

mentioned above. The thallus was 

covered with granular isidia and the immersed 

small apothecia (up to 0.5 mm) had a 

red-brown disc and a pale proper margin. The 

hypothecium was more or less wedge-like and 

the exciple, which only consists of a few parallel 

running hyphae, was at least in mature 

apothecia open at the base. According to Ellis 

(1981), this feature should separate Psorotichia 

from Lemmopsis. 

Ramkrer (1978) included Psorotichia 

schaereri in the Danish flora on the basis of a 

finding by D. Branth from .lEgholm borgruin. 

Branth called the material Pannaria nigra, but 

Hellbom corrected it later to Pannaia 

schaereri. Alstrup (1989), however, determined 

Branth's material as Pannaia leucophaea and 

hence deleted Psorotichia schaerei from the 

Danish flora. 

Specimens examined: East lutland: Alling 

Klosterruin, 2N m east of Alling s0, GrOnbrek, 

L994, larsen (C, herb. I-arsen).



I wish to thank Brian Coppins, Per M. 

Jorgensen and Tor Tonsberg for confirming 

respectively the Bacidia spp., Psorotichia 

schaereri, and Hypocenomyce sorophora. 

References 

Alstrup, V. 1989: Notes on the lichen flora of 

Denmark 3. Graphis Scripta 2: LLl-LL7. 

Coppins, B. J. L992a: Three ne\il lichens for 

Nonvay. Graphis Scripta 4: 89-90. 

Coppins, B. J. L992b: Bacidia de Not. (1846). 

În: Purvis, O. W., Coppins, B. J., Hawksworth, 

D. L., James, P. '\try'. & Moore, D. 

M. (eds), The lichen flora of Great Bitain 

and lreland. Natural History Museum 

Five lichens new to Denmark 93 

Publications/The British Lichen Society, 

pp. L0L -1L4. 

Ellis, L. T. 1981: A revision and review of 

Lemmopsis and some related species. 

Lichenologist I 3 : L13- 139. 

Fries, T. M. L867: Nya Skandinaviska lafarter. 

Bot. Notiser 1867: 151-155. 

Nordin, A., Sundin, R. & Thor, G. L992: 

Bacidia caligans and Bacidia chloroticula 

new to Sweden. Graphis Scrtpta 3: L34r37. 

Poelt, J. L974: Die parasitische Flechte 

I-ecidea insidiosa und ihre Biologie. Pl. 

,Sysr. Evol. 123: 25-34. 

Ramker, K. 1978: Fortegnelse over laver 

angivet fra Danmark med litteraturhenvisninger. 

Institut for sporeplanter 

Kpbenhavns Universitet, Copenhagen.

Collema conglomeratum new to Fennoscandia 

REIDARHAUGAN 

During studies of the lichen flora in oldgrowth 

forests in southeastern Nonvay, a 

locality in Hole municipality, some 25 km NW 

of Oslo was visited. The investigation revealed 

a locality of Collema conglomeratum. The site 

was first investigated in April 1995 and revisited 

in May to clariff the status of the population. 

The species 

Haugan, R. L995: Collema conglomeratum new to Fennoscandia. Graphis 

Scipta 7: 94-96. Stockholm. ISSN 0901 -7593. 

The macrolichen Collema conglomeratum is reported as new to Fennoscandia. 

It was found epiphytic on trunks of Acer platanoid,es and Fraxinus 

excelsior in an old, thermophilous deciduous forest in Buskerud county, 

southeastern Nonray. Some comments on the tru

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (rees) 

Isles this century (Purvis & James L992), and 

it is endangered and partly extinct in Germany 

and Switzerland (Clerc et al. L992, Wirth 

lees). 

Ecology 

The site is a narrow, wooded zone above a 

steep, W-facing and treeless scree, at the base 

of 10-50 m high vertical cliffs, about 400 m 

above sea level. The investigated locality is 

about 1 km in extension, and the forest is 

dominated by a mixture of old thermophilous 

deciduous trees, such as Acer platanoi^d.es, 

Fracinus excelsior, Tilia cordata, and Ulmus 

glabra, and some scattered groups of the conifers 

Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, and Taxus 

baccata. Collema conglomeratum was 

observed on four trees only, scattered in the 

locality. 

The species was growing in small colonies 

in bark fissures of old, rather sun-exposed 

trunks of Acer platanoides and Frarinus excelsior 

from the base to about two meters above 

the ground, always on the southern side of the 

tree. It was abundant and partly dominating on 

one trunk of Fracinus excelsior, more sparse at 

the other stems. Most of the observed specimens 

grew directly on bark, but some specimens 

also grew among mosses. The most 

frequently associated species was Acrocordia 

gemmata. Other species included Collema 

flacci^duffi, C. nigrescens, Lecanora allophana, 

Lecid.ella elaeochroma ) Leptogium s aturninum, 

Mycobilimbia sabuletotuffi, Peltigera collina, 

and Sclerophora nivea, together with the bryophytes 

Frullania dilatata, Leucodon sciuroi"des, 

and Homalothecium seiceum. 

Collema conglomeratum in Fennoscandia 95 

belt and a rather high precipitation at this elevation 

which is probably of great ecological 

significance for the lichens. 

Elsewhere in Europe, the species occurs 

exclusively on bark of deciduous trees, especially 

in rather open situations along roads, in 

gardens, and other habitats influenced by man. 

It shows a preference for bark fissures and 

often grows together with other species of the 

Collemataceae (Degelius 1954). In the British 

Isles, it is known from bark of Ulmus and 

Fraxinu,r, especially in waysides, and nutrientenriched 

places (Purvis & James L992). In 

southern Germany, C. conglomeratum grows 

mainly on large, solitary deciduous trees in 

areas with mild winters. It is there regarded as 

a neutrophilous, somewhat photophilous, 

mesophilous, and relatively nitrophilous 

species (Wirth 1995). In Italy, it is a species of 

eutrophic bark, mostly occurring in 

Xanthorion communities (Nimis L993). The 

Nonvegian locality is rather similar to these 

descriptions, except for the rather natural 

situation with a limited nutrient supply. 

Specimen ex,amined: Norway. Buskerud: Hole, 

W facing scree SW of T6mmer6sen, 400 m, 

60'01'N, 10o16'E, UTMED5g: NM 7L2 

546-552 (map 1815 III), Gaarder, Haugan & 

Midteng H4108 (O). 


The locality contains several oceanic 

lichens which are rare in southeastern References 

I wish to thank Geir Gaarder, Arnodd H8pnes 

and Rein Midteng for company in the field, 

and Harald Bratli and Rune @kland who 

helped me with the identification of the bryophytes. 

Norway, e.g. Collema nigrescens, Degelia .-1 

ptumbia 

uler-c' 

(soiretimes with thi parasiie 

P" scheidegger, roina 

c' & Amman, K' 1992' 

ptu UUa), Lobaria atnplissima, and pannaria iste 

louge 

des macrolichens de la Suisse. 

-conoplea.'These lichens may indicate a long n *'' Helv' 102:71-83' 

ecological continuity 

segelius' 

of the forest because of G' 1954' The lichen genus Collema 

their suspected vd;erability toygrds. ro.'.'try 

o"r3*"I8Ti activities. By the exposition and ;if,,i:,;"y{::t;!l;3,t;,i3" 

insolation of 

the locality on" *o.rld 

with special reference 

expect a rather xero- to the extra-europhilous 

pean species' 

lichen flora, but there 

Symb' 

is a regular fog 

Bot' Upsal 20, 2: L- 

2r5.

96 Reidar Haugan 

Nimis, L. 1993. The lichens of Italy. Mus. Reg. 

Sci. Nat. Monog. XII: L-897. 

Purvis, O. W. & James, P. W. L992. Collema 

Weber ex Wigg. (1780). /n Purvis, O. W., 

Coppins, B. J., Hawksworth, D. L., James, 

P. 'W. & Moore, D. M. (eds), The lichen 

flo* 

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA 7 (rees) 

of Great Britain and lreland. Natural 

History Museum Publications/The British 

Lichen Society, [.ondon, pp. 2L6-226. 

Wirth, 'W. L995. Die Flechten Baden- 

Wilntembergs. 2. ed. Teil /. Verlag Eugen 

Ulmer, Stuttgart.

Instructions for authors 

Unpublished papers on all aspects of 

lichenology will be considered for publication 

in Graphis Scripta, but priority is given to 

those dealing with Nordic systematics and 

floristics. Manuscripts should be submitted as 

one original and one copy to the editor (Einar 

Timdal). Papers are published in English or in 

a Scandinavian language with a'short English 

summary. All papers will be evaluated by 

referees. 

The manuscript should be type-written 

double-spaced with wide margins. As a guide 

to the layout recent issues should be consulted. 

When accepted for publication, the final 

version of the manuscript should, if possible, 

be accompanied with the text on diskette, 

preferably written in MS Word or WordPerfect 

(PC or Macintosh), or as an ASCII-fiIe. Use a 

minimum of formatting codes; underline or 

italics, bold-face, and tabulator stops are 

usually sufficient. Avoid right-hand and center 

justifications, do not use multiple columns, use 

only one font and one type-size. 

The abstract should be in about 3-10 printed 

lines. It summarizes the results and conclusions 

of the paper, and is not merely a 

description of the work. 

Figure originals should preferably be between 

7 and L0 cm wide (column) or between 14 and 

2"1, cmwide (page). Indicate whether the figure 

is intended for column or page (maximum 

reduction rate is 33 %). For line-drawings, 

please make sure that the line thickness is 

sufficient for the indicated reduction rate. 

Magnifications are indicated by a bar (scale) in 

the figure and a statement of the bar length in 

the figure or in the legend. 

Black/white line-drawings and a moderate 

number of half-tone photographs are free of 

charge; colour photographs can be included if 

the additional printing costs are paid for by the 

author. 

The nomenclature follows Santesson (1993) 

for papers on Nordic species, unless otherwise 

stated. Author names are normally given at 

the first mention of a species; abbreviations of 

author names follow Kirk & Ansell (1992). 

Titles of periodicals are abbreviated according 

to Botanico Periodicum Huntianum, and titles 

of books (in truronomic treatments in the text) 

according to Stafleu & Cowan, Taxonomic literature, 

Znd edition. Spellings of geographical 

names follow The Times Atlas of the World. 

For the layout of references, follow these 

examples: 

Hansen, E. S., Poelt, J. & Sochting, U. L987: 

Die Flechtengattung Caloplaca in Gronland. 

Meddel. Grqnland, Biosci. 25: L-57. 

Kirk, P. M. & Ansell, A. E. L992: Authors of 

fungal names: A list of authors of scientific 

names of fungi, with recommended standard 

forms of their namel including 

abbreviations. C.A.B. International, Wallingford. 

Krog, H. 1991,: Lichenological observations in 

low montane rainforests of eastern Tanzania. 

In: Galloway, D. J. (ed.), Tropical 

Lichens: Their systematics, conservation 

and ecologl The Systematics Association 

Special Volume 43: 85-94. 

Santesson, R. L993: The lichens and lichenicolous 

fungi of Sweden and Norway. SBTforlaget, 

Lund. 

Off-prints. Three copies of the journal are 

supplied free of charge to the first author. 

Additional copies may be ordered at extra cost. 

Papers may be copied free of charge.

GRAPHIS ScnIPTA 

Volym 7, hilfte 2, 7995 

Inneh6lI 

49 Sliiktet Lepraria i Skine 

[The genus Lepraria in the province of Skine, southernmost Sweden] 

L. Lindblom 

6L Cladonia incrassata new to Nonray, and the problem of C. anitae in Europe 

T, TOnsberg 

66 Book review (Eesti suursamblikud) 

67 Notes on the lichens of the Pechoro-Ilych Zapovednik, Komi Republic, Russia 

J. Hermansson and D. Ktdryatseva 

79 Erioderma pedicellatum still present, but highly endangered in Europe 

H. Holien, G. Gaarder and A. Hdpnes 

85 Fellhanera subtilis found in Finland 

H. Harmaja 

87 Floristic notes from SW Denmark 

S. N. Christensen, V. Alstrup and S. Svane 

9L Five lichens new to Denmark 

E. Larsen 

94 Collema conglomeratum new to Fennoscandia 

R, Haugan 

Is, 

ctr

GRAPHIS SCNIPTA - Universitetet i Oslo

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?